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===Chapter 11. Diet=== | ===Chapter 11. Diet=== | ||
===Chapter 12. | ===Chapter 12. Candidates=== | ||
Confucius (551–479 BCE, China) — Philosopher, educator, ethicist. | |||
Advanced consciousness expressed as ethical cultivation and the idea that harmony in the individual extends outward into society, shaping relational and collective awareness. | |||
Socrates (469–399 BCE, Greece) — Philosopher, teacher. | |||
Embodied radical self-examination, dialogical truth-seeking, and the courage to die for principle, making consciousness of virtue the measure of life. | |||
Plato (428–348 BCE, Greece) — Philosopher, writer, founder of the Academy. | |||
Elevated abstraction and the reality of universals, treating consciousness as participation in the realm of forms, an early theory of mind’s reach beyond perception. | |||
Zhuangzi (369–286 BCE, China) — Philosopher, Taoist sage. | |||
Emphasised fluidity of perspective and dream-consciousness, dissolving rigid distinctions between self and world in a proto-nondual mode. | |||
Aristotle (384–322 BCE, Greece) — Philosopher, scientist. | |||
Analyzed mind (psyche) as structured layers of life — vegetative, animal, rational — anticipating systematic study of consciousness. | |||
Ashoka the Great (304–232 BCE, India) — Emperor, Buddhist reformer. | |||
Dramatic transformation from conquest to conscience: renounced violence, spread ethical edicts, showing consciousness as a basis for political life. | |||
Jesus of Nazareth (c. 4 BCE–30 CE, Judea) — Preacher, reformer. | |||
Preached radical inversion of social norms (“the last shall be first”), extending consciousness into unconditional love and inner purity, even at cost of crucifixion. | |||
Plotinus (204–270 CE, Egypt/Rome) — Philosopher, founder of Neoplatonism. | |||
Articulated the ascent of consciousness from sense to intellect to mystical union with “the One,” framing awareness as ontological participation. | |||
Augustine of Hippo (354–430 CE, North Africa) — Bishop, theologian. | |||
Pioneered introspective analysis of memory, time, and will, treating consciousness of self as the site of encountering truth. | |||
Late Antiquity & Medieval Period | |||
Muhammad ibn Abdullah (570–632 CE, Arabia) — Prophet, statesman. | |||
Combined contemplative withdrawal (Ḥirā) with revolutionary vision: transformed fragments of oral, poetic, and legal consciousness into a unifying moral-legal system. | |||
Ali ibn Abi Talib (601–661 CE, Arabia) — Caliph, jurist, philosopher-poet. | |||
Renowned for sermons that combined courage, self-awareness, and metaphysical reflection; model of integrating ethical action and contemplative thought. | |||
Avicenna (Ibn Sina) (980–1037, Persia) — Physician, philosopher. | |||
His “floating man” thought experiment explored immediate self-awareness independent of the body, a foundational insight into consciousness studies. | |||
Al-Ghazali (1058–1111, Persia) — Theologian, mystic. | |||
Exposed limits of philosophy, yet revitalised spirituality through direct awareness of God, blending scepticism with experiential consciousness. | |||
Ibn Arabi (1165–1240, Andalusia) — Mystic, poet, philosopher. | |||
Elaborated the doctrine of the “Perfect Human” as the microcosm of all reality, theorising consciousness as the reflective mirror of the divine. | |||
Dōgen (1200–1253, Japan) — Zen master, monastic reformer. | |||
Articulated “being-time” (uji), collapsing distinctions of time and consciousness, teaching meditation as direct embodiment of awareness. | |||
Rumi (Jalal al-Din Rumi) (1207–1273, Persia) — Poet, mystic. | |||
Through ecstatic poetry and metaphor, expressed consciousness as love-driven dissolution of ego into unity. | |||
Meister Eckhart (1260–1328, Germany) — Theologian, mystic. | |||
Taught detachment and the “birth of God in the soul,” centering consciousness as a formless ground of being. | |||
Mulla Sadra (1571–1640, Persia) — Philosopher, metaphysician. | |||
Developed gradational ontology (tashkīk al-wujūd), equating degrees of being with levels of consciousness, anticipating panpsychist lines. | |||
Early Modern Era | |||
Galileo Galilei (1564–1642, Italy) — Astronomer, physicist. | |||
Shifted consciousness of the cosmos from geocentric certainty to empirical infinity, pioneering observational awareness of nature. | |||
John Locke (1632–1704, England) — Philosopher, theorist. | |||
Defined personal identity as continuity of consciousness, influencing modern selfhood and rights theory. | |||
Isaac Newton (1643–1727, England) — Mathematician, physicist. | |||
Unified celestial and terrestrial mechanics, expanding human consciousness to a law-governed cosmos. | |||
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778, Switzerland/France) — Philosopher. | |||
Probed conscience, authenticity, and freedom, reshaping consciousness of self in society. | |||
Immanuel Kant (1724–1804, Prussia) — Philosopher. | |||
Explained consciousness as structured by categories of understanding; “transcendental unity of apperception” as ground of experience. | |||
Thomas Paine (1737–1809, England/USA) — Writer, revolutionary. | |||
Voiced universal rights and democratic conscience, extending awareness of political selfhood. | |||
Toussaint Louverture (1743–1803, Haiti) — Revolutionary leader. | |||
Transformed consciousness of enslaved peoples into political agency, leading Haiti’s independence. | |||
William Blake (1757–1827, England) — Poet, artist. | |||
Visionary imagination turned consciousness into prophetic art, critiquing industrial rationalism. | |||
G.W.F. Hegel (1770–1831, Germany) — Philosopher. | |||
Mapped consciousness through dialectical stages, culminating in self-realisation as Spirit. | |||
Modern Era: Science, Revolution & Vision | |||
Charles Darwin (1809–1882, England) — Naturalist. | |||
Altered consciousness of life by introducing evolution, dissolving static hierarchies of species. | |||
Karl Marx (1818–1883, Germany) — Philosopher, revolutionary theorist. | |||
Exposed class consciousness as historical driver, insisting on praxis linking thought to transformation. | |||
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900, Germany) — Philosopher. | |||
Pushed consciousness beyond truth-illusions toward life-affirmation, the “Übermensch” as higher integration. | |||
Nikola Tesla (1856–1943, Serbia/US) — Inventor, engineer. | |||
Harnessed visionary imagination, turning inner visualisation into scientific-technological breakthroughs. | |||
Marie Curie (1867–1934, Poland/France) — Physicist, chemist. | |||
Expanded human consciousness of matter by revealing radioactivity, with extraordinary intellectual discipline. | |||
Mahatma Gandhi (1869–1948, India) — Lawyer, revolutionary. | |||
Embodied sacrificial consciousness through satyagraha (truth-force), nonviolent resistance, and willingness to suffer for justice. | |||
Rosa Luxemburg (1871–1919, Poland/Germany) — Revolutionary socialist. | |||
Integrated intellectual clarity with sacrificial activism, writing profound critiques while dying for her cause. | |||
Rainer Maria Rilke (1875–1926, Austria) — Poet, writer. | |||
Explored existential states and consciousness of finitude through lyrical intensity. | |||
Carl Jung (1875–1961, Switzerland) — Psychiatrist. | |||
Developed the unconscious/archetypal model, framing consciousness as individuation toward wholeness. | |||
Albert Einstein (1879–1955, Germany/US) — Physicist. | |||
Reconceptualised time, space, and relativity, demonstrating imaginative consciousness as scientific method. | |||
Simone Weil (1909–1943, France) — Philosopher, mystic. | |||
Married mystical attentiveness with radical political conscience, lived sacrificial solidarity with workers and victims. | |||
Contemporary Era: Conscience, Sacrifice & Leadership | |||
Ruhollah Khomeini (1902–1989, Iran) — Cleric, revolutionary leader. | |||
Unified metaphysics, mysticism, and political revolution, embodying sacrificial exile before seizing transformative power. | |||
David Bohm (1917–1992, USA/UK) — Physicist, philosopher. | |||
Proposed implicate order, dialogue as expansion of shared consciousness, bridging science and holistic awareness. | |||
Nelson Mandela (1918–2013, South Africa) — Revolutionary, president. | |||
Sacrificially endured 27 years in prison, then embodied reconciliatory consciousness over vengeance. | |||
James Baldwin (1924–1987, USA) — Writer, activist. | |||
Articulated consciousness of race, identity, and love with radical clarity and eloquence. | |||
Malcolm X (1925–1965, USA) — Minister, activist. | |||
Transformed his own consciousness through struggle, symbolising liberation through fearless self-reinvention. | |||
Martin Luther King Jr. (1929–1968, USA) — Minister, civil rights leader. | |||
Preached unitive, sacrificial love and justice, embodying higher ethical consciousness at great personal risk. | |||
Ali Khamenei (1939–present, Iran) — Cleric, revolutionary, head of state. | |||
Blends political leadership with a philosophical-mystical lineage, navigating survival under immense constraint. | |||
Vaclav Havel (1936–2011, Czechia) — Playwright, dissident, president. | |||
Coined “living in truth” as a form of political-moral consciousness in oppressive regimes. | |||
Hassan Nasrallah (1960–present, Lebanon) — Cleric, political-military leader. | |||
Charismatic orator, blends political struggle with sacrificial posture under constant threat. | |||
'Īsā (Jesus) | 'Īsā (Jesus) | ||