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al-Kindī | al-Kindī | ||
'''934 – 971 CE (c.), Sijistan / Khurasan / Rayy, Iranian lands (modern eastern Islamic Republic of Iran / Afghanistan region) | |||
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Abū Yaʿqūb al-Sijistānī conceives Intellect as the spine of revealed religion. | |||
* Ismāʿīlī Neoplatonist develops a theology of God beyond categories, universal Intellect, Soul, prophecy, and return. | |||
'''940 – 1060 CE (c.), Basra, Iraq''' | '''940 – 1060 CE (c.), Basra, Iraq''' | ||
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Ibn Sīnā conceives Proof of the Truthful | Ibn Sīnā conceives Proof of the Truthful | ||
'''996 – 1021 CE (c.), Kerman / Baghdad / Basra / Cairo, Fatimid-Ismāʿīlī world (modern Islamic Republic of Iran / Iraq / Egypt) | |||
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Ḥamīd al-Dīn al-Kirmānī turns metaphysics into imamate, daʿwa, and rational authority | |||
* Fatimid-Ismāʿīlī theologian-philosopher systematises imamate doctrine and synthesises Ismāʿīlī theology with Aristotelian and Neoplatonic philosophy. | |||
'''1186 CE (c.), Aleppo, Ayyubid Syria (modern Syria)''' | '''1186 CE (c.), Aleppo, Ayyubid Syria (modern Syria)''' | ||
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Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī synthesises mysticism and science | Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī synthesises mysticism and science | ||
'''1260 – 1351 CE (c.), Kayseri / Tabriz / İznik, Anatolia and Ilkhanid-Ottoman world (Turkey / modern Islamic Republic of Iran) | |||
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Dāwūd al-Qayṣarī institutionalises the metaphysics of manifestation | |||
* Akbarian philosopher and commentator transmits Ibn ʿArabī’s school into early Ottoman madrasa culture and develops important reflections on time as a measure of being. | |||
===Gunpowder Age=== | ===Gunpowder Age=== | ||