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'''Hikmah Islam''' ''(Arabic: الحكماء, romanised: Al-Ḥukamāʾ, lit. 'The Wise Ones' or 'The Sages'; or أهل الحكمة, romanised: Ahl al-Ḥikmah, lit. 'The People of Wisdom')'', commonly known as '''Rationalist Islam''', is the rational-empirical branch of the Islamic school of philosophers and mystics. It is mystical-philosophical and noetic-civilisational in nature, centred on the sovereignty of intellect, the cultivation of wisdom, and the perfection of humanity and other sentient beings. | '''Hikmah Islam''' ''(Arabic: الحكماء, romanised: Al-Ḥukamāʾ, lit. 'The Wise Ones' or 'The Sages'; or أهل الحكمة, romanised: Ahl al-Ḥikmah, lit. 'The People of Wisdom')'', commonly known as '''Rationalist Islam''', is the rational-empirical branch of the Islamic school of philosophers and mystics. It is mystical-philosophical and noetic-civilisational in nature, centred on the sovereignty of intellect, the cultivation of wisdom, and the perfection of humanity and other sentient beings. | ||
As a developmental and universalising framework, Hikmah Islam presents itself as a continuation and internal reformulation of the wider ancient Near Eastern and Mediterranean wisdom tradition. It traces its conceptual ancestry from ancient Greek classical philosophy, through Jesus' public ministry, Muhammad's proclamations and polity, the intellect and guidance traditions associated with his family and their inner-circle companions, the philosophical ''(Arabic: فلسفة, romanised: falsafa)'' and mystical or ʿirfānic ''(Arabic: عرفان, romanised: ʿirfān)'' developments of the Islamic Golden Age, and into modern philosophy of mind, science, political theory, and future inquiry. | As a developmental and universalising framework, Hikmah Islam presents itself as a continuation and internal reformulation of the wider ancient Near Eastern and Mediterranean wisdom tradition. It traces its conceptual ancestry from ancient Greek classical philosophy, through Jesus' public ministry, Muhammad's proclamations and polity, the intellect and guidance traditions associated with his family and their inner-circle companions, the philosophical ''(Arabic: فلسفة, romanised: falsafa)'' and mystical or ʿirfānic ''(Arabic: عرفان, romanised: ʿirfān)'' developments of the Islamic Golden Age, and into modern philosophy of mind, science, political theory, and future inquiry. | ||
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Since intellect can know reality (Epistemological rationalism), reality itself is derived as intelligible rather than ultimately chaotic, arbitrary, or opaque to reason, hence Metaphysical rationalism. | Since intellect can know reality (Epistemological rationalism), reality itself is derived as intelligible rather than ultimately chaotic, arbitrary, or opaque to reason, hence Metaphysical rationalism. | ||
=== 9) Principle of sufficient reason | === 9) Principle of sufficient reason === | ||
Since reality is intelligible (Metaphysical rationalism), every being, event, claim, and distinction must be answerable to explanation rather than accepted as brute assertion, hence the Principle of sufficient reason. | Since reality is intelligible (Metaphysical rationalism), every being, event, claim, and distinction must be answerable to explanation rather than accepted as brute assertion, hence the Principle of sufficient reason. | ||
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=== 16) Analytic idealism === | === 16) Analytic idealism === | ||
Since consciousness is prior and | Since consciousness is prior (Priority of consciousness), and non-conscious substrates are unnecessary (Ontological parsimony), reality is derived as fundamentally nothing other than consciousness itself, hence Analytic idealism. | ||
=== 17) Gradation of consciousness === | === 17) Gradation of consciousness === | ||
Gradation of existence • Gradation of reality • Tashkīk al-wujūd | ''Gradation of existence • Gradation of reality • Tashkīk al-wujūd'' | ||
Since consciousness is fundamental (Analytic idealism) and yet appears in different degrees of clarity, integration, agency, and intensity, consciousness is understood as gradational, hence Gradation of consciousness. | Since consciousness is fundamental (Analytic idealism) and yet appears in different degrees of clarity, integration, agency, and intensity, consciousness is understood as gradational, hence Gradation of consciousness. | ||
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=== 18) Gradation of existence === | === 18) Gradation of existence === | ||
Since consciousness and existence are not finally separable, the gradation of consciousness entails a gradational account of existence itself. | Since consciousness and existence are not finally separable (Ontological parsimony and Analytic idealism), the gradation of consciousness entails a gradational account of existence itself. | ||
=== 19) Meta-Consciousness === | === 19) Meta-Consciousness === | ||
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''Ahura Mazda • Allāh • Aten • Bahā • Brahman • Dao • 'Ēl • Father • God • God the Father • Necessary Existent • Necessary Existentiator • Necessary Reality • Pure Consciousness • Shangdi • Tao • The Divine • The One • Unconditioned Reality • Vishnu • Waheguru • Wājib al-Wujūd'' | ''Ahura Mazda • Allāh • Aten • Bahā • Brahman • Dao • 'Ēl • Father • God • God the Father • Necessary Existent • Necessary Existentiator • Necessary Reality • Pure Consciousness • Shangdi • Tao • The Divine • The One • Unconditioned Reality • Vishnu • Waheguru • Wājib al-Wujūd'' | ||
Since graded consciousness requires | Since graded consciousness requires ultimate grounding (Principle of sufficient reason), the highest and unconditioned reality must be ungraded consciousness, hence Meta-Consciousness. | ||
=== 20) Necessary simplicity === | === 20) Necessary simplicity === | ||
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=== 24) Eternalism === | === 24) Eternalism === | ||
Since all effects follow necessarily from an unchanging cause, the total order of effects is also atemporal, meaning that manifestations, commonly described as events or moments, within that order do not come into being one by one, but rather are all equally present and real, hence Eternalism. | Since all effects follow necessarily from an unchanging cause (Necessitarianism), the total order of effects is also atemporal, meaning that manifestations, commonly described as events or moments, within that order do not come into being one by one, but rather are all equally present and real, hence Eternalism. | ||
=== 25) Conscientiation ex conscientia === | === 25) Conscientiation ex conscientia === | ||
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''Badā'a • Cosmic unfolding • Creatio ex deo • Creation • Divine command • Effusion Emanation • Fayḍ • Manifestation • Origination • Procession • Tajallī'' | ''Badā'a • Cosmic unfolding • Creatio ex deo • Creation • Divine command • Effusion Emanation • Fayḍ • Manifestation • Origination • Procession • Tajallī'' | ||
Since the necessary source is Meta-Consciousness, what proceeds from it is derived as conscientiation from consciousness rather than as emergence from non-conscious matter. | Since the necessary source is Meta-Consciousness, what proceeds from it is derived as conscientiation from consciousness rather than as emergence from non-conscious matter, hence Conscientiation ex conscientia. | ||
=== 25) Rule of one === | === 25) Rule of one === | ||
Since absolute unity (Absolute necessary simplicity) cannot directly produce unmediated plurality (Absolute necessary simplicity and Necessitarianism), the first dependent reality proceeding from Meta-Consciousness (the One) must itself be one rather than many, hence the Rule of one. | |||
Since absolute unity (Absolute necessary simplicity) cannot directly produce unmediated plurality, the first dependent reality proceeding from the One must itself be one, hence the Rule of one. | |||
=== 26) First conscientiate === | === 26) First conscientiate === | ||
''First creation • First intellect • First light • Image of God • Imago dei • Mashīyya • Nūr Muhammadiyya • Ontologically first dependent existent • Pen • Perfect creation • Qalam • Universal intellect'' | ''First creation • First intellect • First light • Image of God • Imago dei • Mashīyya • Nūr Muhammadiyya • Ontologically first dependent existent • Pen • Perfect creation • Qalam • Universal intellect'' | ||
Since the first dependent reality proceeds most immediately from Meta-Consciousness (Rule of one), it is derived as the highest derivative consciousness, hence the First conscientiate. | Since the first dependent reality proceeds most immediately from Meta-Consciousness (Rule of one), it is derived as the highest derivative consciousness, hence the First conscientiate. | ||
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''Angels • Immaterial existents • Malāʾika'' | ''Angels • Immaterial existents • Malāʾika'' | ||
Since multiplicity and unmediated plurality cannot proceed directly from absolute unity (Rule of one), graded intermediary conscientiates mediate the descent from unity into increasing individuation, fragmentation, and multiplicity, hence Intermediary conscientiates. | |||
=== 28) Observable universe === | === 28) Observable universe === | ||
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''Cosmos • Dunyā • Material dimension • Material realm • Material world • Multiverse • Natural World • Olam HaZeh • Physical world • Sensible dimension • Sensible realm • Sensible world • Universe'' | ''Cosmos • Dunyā • Material dimension • Material realm • Material world • Multiverse • Natural World • Olam HaZeh • Physical world • Sensible dimension • Sensible realm • Sensible world • Universe'' | ||
Since the descent of consciousness (Gradation of consciousness and Gradation of existence) reaches a level of individuation and fragmentation, this level of reality is the empirical domain in which unity is experienced and observed as multiplicity, and being is experienced and observed as becoming, hence Observable universe. | |||
Since the descent of consciousness (Gradation of consciousness and Gradation of existence) reaches a level of | |||
=== 29) Physical empiricism === | === 29) Physical empiricism === | ||
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''Empirical method • Scientific method'' | ''Empirical method • Scientific method'' | ||
Since | Since this level of reality is experienced through measurable regularities (Observable universe), knowledge of this domain is derived through observation, experiment, and empirical science, hence Physical empiricism. | ||
=== 30) B-theory of time === | === 30) B-theory of time === | ||
''Tenseless theory of time'' | ''Tenseless theory of time'' | ||
Since temporal becoming belongs to the perspective of fragmented consciousness within the observable universe, time is derived as an ordered structure of events rather than as an objectively moving present, hence the B-theory of time. | Since temporal becoming belongs to the perspective of fragmented consciousness within the observable universe, time is derived as an ordered structure of events rather than as an objectively moving present, hence the B-theory of time. | ||
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=== 31) Determinism === | === 31) Determinism === | ||
Since events in the Observable universe are nothing other than conscientiates by the level of consciousness immediately above this level of reality, and since time is merely an experience, and events in the temporal order are already fixed within the whole structure of reality (B-theory of time), future events are determined rather than metaphysically open alternatives, hence Determinism. | |||
=== 32) Compatibilism === | === 32) Compatibilism === | ||
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''Divine Decree • Divine Predestination • Illusion of Libertarian Free Will • Predestination • Qadar • Soft determinism'' | ''Divine Decree • Divine Predestination • Illusion of Libertarian Free Will • Predestination • Qadar • Soft determinism'' | ||
Since future events are determined rather than metaphysically open alternatives (Determinism), and since desire, intention, deliberation, and will are themselves real parts of the causal structure, determinism does not eliminate agency; it situates agency within the chain of causes, and so agency is derived as compatible with determinism rather than cancelled by it, hence Compatibilism. | |||
=== 33) Perdurantism === | === 33) Perdurantism === | ||
Since a person in this level of reality exists across the temporal order as a whole sequence of conscious states, desires, intentions, actions, and reactions (B-theory of time), personal persistence is not a single present object moving through time, but rather a temporal extension, hence Perdurantism. | |||
=== 34) Axiological realism === | === 34) Axiological realism === | ||
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''Value realism •'' | ''Value realism •'' | ||
Since personal persistence is | Since personal persistence is not present-moment endurance, but rather temporal extension (Perdurantism), and since reality is intelligible (Metaphysical rationalism), and consciousness admits higher and lower degrees of integration and perfection (Gradation of consciousness), values of conscious states, desires, intentions, actions, and reactions are real rather than merely subjective preferences, hence Axiological realism. | ||
=== 35) Sentient moral considerability === | === 35) Sentient moral considerability === | ||