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Rationalist Islam is an epistemic-led, principle-first, and rational-empirical branch of Islam that grounds views, practices, and identity in a set of independently justified and domain-specific rational principles.  
Rationalist Islam is an epistemic-led and rational-empirical branch of the mainly Islamic school of philosophers and mystics. Rationalist Muslims ground their views, practices, and identities in a set of independently justified and domain-specific rational principles.  


Adherents adopt “Islam” and "Muslim" as identities only after critical assessment of historical evidence suggests that Muḥammad substantially aligned with these principles. Rationalist Islam is, therefore, a continuation of the historical Muhammadan movement with the aim of maximising the wellbeing of all sentient inhabitants of the world.  
They adopt the terms “Islam” and "Muslim" as identities only after critical assessment of historical evidence suggests that Muḥammad substantially aligned with these principles. Rationalist Islam is, therefore, a continuation of the historical Muhammadan movement with the aim of maximising the wellbeing of all sentient inhabitants of the world.  


The guiding maxim often associated with Rationalist Islam is “Religion as movement — not monument,” emphasising an ongoing, adaptive, principle-led, evidence-based, ethically purposive project rather than static veneration and dogma.
The guiding maxim often associated with Rationalist Islam is “Religion as movement — not monument,” emphasising an ongoing, adaptive, principle-led, evidence-based, ethically purposive project rather than static veneration and dogma.
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==Terminology==
==Terminology==


As an entailment of their commitment to intellectual accommodation and rationalist epistemology, adherents identify and describe themselves contextually — modulating terminology and self-designation according to the audience, subject matter, and communicative purpose.  
As an entailment of their commitment to rational inquiry, epistemic pluralism, and intellectual accommodation, adherents of Rationalist Islam employ self-designations contextually rather than absolutely. Terminological choice is treated not as a fixed badge of immutable identity, but as a communicative instrument governed by audience, subject matter, pedagogical objective, and strategic relevance.


This adaptive self-representation arises from their understanding that linguistic forms are vehicles of understanding rather than static markers of identity. Within this framework, the use of diverse religious labels functions pedagogically: to convey the essence of truth in whichever language resonates most coherently with a given community.
This practice follows from a broader view of language itself. Religious, philosophical, and civilisational vocabularies are understood less as self-sufficient essences than as historically situated vehicles for communicating truth. Different traditions may preserve overlapping apprehensions of reality under different symbolic forms. Rationalist Muslims therefore regard the contextual adoption of multiple, even apparently divergent, labels as intellectually legitimate and pedagogically useful, provided that the underlying substantive orientation remains unchanged. The point is not terminological inconsistency for its own sake, but the articulation of one stable orientation through whatever vocabulary is most intelligible, resonant, or strategically appropriate in a given setting.


As a result, Rationalist Muslims assume a wide variety of seemingly conflicting names and employ them contextually, including:
Accordingly, Rationalist Muslims may identify themselves by a range of designations, including the following:


===Muslim===
===Mystic===
'''Inward transformation through direct encounter with reality.'''
<br />
Rationalist Muslims identify themselves as mystics because they understand religion and philosophy to require not only doctrinal or intellectual assent, but also inward transformation, purification of perception, direct apprehension, and the cultivation of heightened consciousness.


===Inner Circle Muslim===
===Rationalist Mystic===
'''Illumination disciplined by reason.'''
<br />
Rationalist Muslims identify themselves as rationalist mystics because they reject the reduction of mysticism to mere mood, aesthetic sensibility, emotional intensity, or an ineffable feeling. Mysticism, on this account, requires philosophical grounding, conceptual discipline, and integration into a continuously refined and corrigible model of reality. Mystical apprehension and rational inquiry are therefore treated not as opposites, but as mutually reinforcing dimensions of a single search for truth. They distinguish their position from other more common forms of mysticism they regard as anti-intellectual, sentimental, vague, or detached from disciplined metaphysical inquiry.


===Shi'i===
===Gnostic===
'''Divine command via nature, not text.'''
<br />
Rationalist Muslims identify themselves as gnostics because they place strong emphasis on transformative knowledge, inward unveiling, and direct apprehension of reality. The designation also serves to distinguish their orientation from forms of religion centred primarily on external conformity, formal observance, or exoteric adherence without corresponding depth of understanding.


===Inner Circle Shi'i===
===Esotericist===
'''Some truths must be unveiled, not merely announced.'''
<br />
Rationalist Muslims identify themselves as esotericists because they affirm the existence of inner meanings, symbolic depth, graded disclosure, and teachings not always suitable for universal or undifferentiated public presentation. Esotericism, in this context, does not imply arbitrariness or obscurantism, but rather the claim that truths differ in communicative suitability according to audience, readiness, and circumstance.


===Red Shi'i===
===Theist===
 
'''Begin with reality before arguing about religion.'''
===Mystic===
<br />
 
Rationalist Muslims identify themselves as theists in order to distinguish themselves from atheists while preserving conceptual focus on necessary existence and ultimate reality. The term is useful where the immediate objective is to prevent discussion from being prematurely burdened by the psychological, historical, and cultural associations attached to Islam, religion, or Muslims as social categories. In such contexts, “theist” allows the argument to proceed first at the level of metaphysical logic before wider doctrinal and civilisational implications are introduced.
===Rationalist Mystic===


===Neoplatonist===
===Neoplatonist===
'''Emanation from the One. Return to the One.'''
<br />
Rationalist Muslims identify themselves as Neoplatonists because they affirm a range of ideas historically associated with Neoplatonic philosophy, including metaphysical hierarchy, ontological gradation, intellectual ascent, and the derivation of lower orders of reality from higher principles. The term is used not necessarily to imply exhaustive doctrinal identity with historical Neoplatonism, but to indicate substantial affinity with its metaphysical architecture.


===Gnostic===
===Christian===
'''Revive Christ by achieving what he could not.'''
<br />
Rationalist Muslims may identify themselves as Christians insofar as they venerate Christ for his attempt - albeit a failed one - at becoming philosopher-king. Although the historical Jesus could not achieve primary influence but rather significant secondary influence, Rationalist Muslims consider him to be a major noocratic role model in light of his self-sacrificial, charismatic, mystical, revolutionary socio-political movement directed toward global wellbeing. The designation therefore signals not confessional conversion to normative Christianity, but recognition of Jesus as a real participant in the same broader civilisational and noocratic lineage.


===Esotericist===
===Muslim===
'''Submission to reality because reality belongs to God.'''
<br />
Rationalist Muslims identify themselves as Muslims insofar as they understand Islam, at its most fundamental level, as submission to ultimate reality, namely God. Such submission is not restricted to inherited formulations, communal convention, or literalist dogma, but extends to reality wherever it discloses itself and by whatever reliable means it is disclosed. Different domains of inquiry accordingly require different epistemic instruments: the scientific method for the natural world, the historical-critical method for history, and logic for philosophical and metaphysical questions. Should superior epistemic methods emerge in future, those too would be adopted, since submission is owed not to any single inherited method as such, but to truth itself.


===Essentialist===
===Inner Circle Muslim===
'''Deeper truths tend to sound more blasphemous.'''
<br />
Rationalist Muslims identify themselves as Inner Circle Muslims because they hold that philosophers, mystics, sages, and religious founders such as Muḥammad, Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq, and others frequently presupposed or enacted hierarchical structures of knowledge and instruction. On this model, discipleship is not epistemically flat. Followers, students, initiates, believers, and supporters may instead be distributed across concentric circles of increasing intimacy, trust, responsibility, and understanding, extending outward to the ʿawāmm, or general public. Higher truths, deeper symbolic meanings, and more sensitive political or metaphysical teachings are therefore not always communicated uniformly, but may be disclosed in graded form according to readiness, capacity, and circumstance.


===Akbarian===
===Imami===
'''The Imam is none other than the Philosopher King.'''
<br />
Rationalist Muslims identify themselves as Imamis in a sense broadly similar to their use of Shiʿi and Twelver Shiʿi, but with more explicit emphasis on the Imam as a philosophical and political category. In this usage, the Shiʿi Imam is understood functionally as the Arabic equivalent of the philosopher-king: the figure in whom intellectual excellence, moral authority, spiritual depth, and rightful leadership converge.


===Twelver Shi'i===
===Shi'i===
'''To recognise the philosopher king and support him.'''
<br />
Rationalist Muslims identify themselves as Shiʿis because they understand the essence of Shiʿism not merely in genealogical or confessional terms, but as recognition of the individual who is most fully wise, just, philosophically grounded, mystical, self-sacrificial, charismatic, and oriented toward the establishment of noocracy for the sake of global wellbeing. In this sense, Shiʿism is construed as principled alignment with the rightful bearer of intellectual, ethical, and political authority once such a figure is discerned.


===Imami===
===Inner Circle Shi'i===
'''Deeper truths tend to sound more blasphemous.'''
<br />
Rationalist Muslims identify themselves as Inner Circle Shiʿis for the combined reasons implied by both the Inner Circle Muslim and Shiʿi designations. They hold that Shiʿi Imams such as Muḥammad al-Bāqir and Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq possessed not only broad publics of sympathisers and followers, but also more intimate circles of disciples, students, and initiates to whom deeper teachings, esoteric interpretations, and forms of strategic political knowledge were entrusted. The designation therefore indicates both allegiance to the Imam and recognition of graded access to truth, mission, and responsibility.


===Ja'fari===
===Ja'fari===
 
'''The essence of Muhammad's teachings, but evolved.'''
===Khomeinist===
<br />
Rationalist Muslims may identify themselves as Jaʿfari in a sense closely related to the Twelver Shiʿi, Imami, and Shiʿi designations outlined above, but with particular emphasis on Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq. He is regarded as exemplifying many of the qualities and concerns central to Rationalist Islam, including intention, jurisprudence, mysticism, secret politics, intelligence, underground teaching, and intellectual greatness. The designation also carries a historiographical advantage: even when approached through the historical-critical method, Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq’s life, teachers, interlocutors, and legacy are comparatively more recoverable than those of many other early figures. Jaʿfarism is therefore useful not only symbolically, but also methodologically, as a marker of identifiable continuity.


===Sunni===
===Sunni===
'''The essence of Muhammad's tradition was his noocratic revolution.'''
<br />
Rationalist Muslims may identify themselves as Sunni insofar as they understand themselves to be committed to continuing the sunnah of Muḥammad, construed not narrowly as a catalogue of inherited outward practices, but more substantively as a mode of charismatic, poetic, philosophically grounded, mystical, intellectually graded, ecumenical, and socio-political revolution. In this usage, “Sunni” denotes continuity with the living pattern and civilisational mission of Muḥammad rather than exclusive adherence to later sectarian boundary-making.


===Salafi===
===Twelver Shi'i===
'''The world indeed yearns for the perfect saviour.'''
<br />
Rationalist Muslims identify themselves as Twelver Shiʿis for several reasons. Many are descendants of, born into, or raised within Twelver Shiʿi households and therefore continue to bear the imprint of Twelver devotional, cultural, ethical, and communal life. Some also did, at least at certain points, believe in the longevity of the Twelfth Imam. More broadly, many retain solidarity with Twelver symbolic and social worlds, and in Twelver settings may preserve reverence for the idea that the philosopher-king ideal remains in occultation, hidden from the world, and that historical labour should be directed toward making his appearance, or the conditions of his appearance, a reality.


===Theist===
===Akbarian===
'''The many are manifestations of a deeper unity.'''
<br />
Rationalist Muslims identify themselves as Akbarians because of their affinity with Ibn ʿArabī, al-Shaykh al-Akbar, especially in relation to waḥdat al-wujūd. The designation indicates substantive metaphysical sympathy with Akbarian modes of thought, particularly where they concern unity, manifestation, and the structure of reality.


===Monotheist===
===Salafi===
'''Return to the first generations to challenge later dogma.'''
<br />
Rationalist Muslims may identify themselves as Salafi in a partly strategic and partly polemical sense, often in order to establish rapport with Salafis while unsettling contemporary monopolies over the term. The point is to show, first, that the salaf themselves did not agree on every matter later elevated into decisive markers of orthodoxy, and second, that some among the salaf would likely have been more sympathetic to, or at least more tolerant of, certain Rationalist Muslim beliefs and practices than many present-day Salafis are. The designation is therefore used not to collapse into contemporary Salafism, but to contest its historical self-certainty from within its own symbolic vocabulary.


===Divine Simplicist===
===Red Shi'i===
'''Black Shiʿism is dead. Red Shi'ism is alive.'''
<br />
Rationalist Muslims identify themselves as Red Shiʿis in a sense broadly aligned with ʿAlī Sharīʿatī’s distinction between “Red Shiʿism” and “Black Shiʿism.” By this they mean a militant, awakened, and historically conscious Shiʿism directed against passivity, ritualism, sedation, and apolitical religiosity. The designation is used to oppose forms of Shiʿi identity centred merely on mourning, inherited symbolism, devotional spectacle, or hagiographical glory, and to affirm instead the revival of Muḥammad’s struggle against oppressors and for active global justice.


===Christian===
===Khomeinist===
'''The reviver of Muhammad's sociopolitical revolution.'''
<br />
Rationalist Muslims identify themselves as Khomeinists because they regard Rūḥollāh Khomeini as the figure who inaugurated the Revival Era through revolution, resistance, and the reanimation of the Muhammadan movement under modern conditions. This designation is strengthened by the fact that many adherents are near-contemporaries of that era and therefore understand it not merely as distant history, but as a living civilisational turning point. They venerate Khomeini for his emphasis on Muslim unity, his refusal to allow minor jurisprudential, and even certain doctrinal, differences to eclipse larger geopolitical and moral struggles, and his attempt to restore religion to the plane of historical agency. They also esteem his philosophy, mysticism, poetry, politics, geopolitical vision, anti-imperialism, his opposition to ethnosupremacy including Zionism, his unwavering dedication to the oppressed including Palestinians, Black people, and victims of Western hegemony, as well as his charisma, bidomainal genius, willingness to override rigid jurisprudential dogmatism, and for his commitment to the many modern challenges of anti-imperialist resistance economy. Rationalist Muslims often repeat a maxim when discussing the idea of the Philosopher King: Plato conceived it, Jesus tried it, Muḥammad achieved it, Khomeini revived it.


==Cognitive dispositions==
==Cognitive dispositions==
Line 293: Line 344:
==Timeline==
==Timeline==


===Formative Era===
===Formative Era (387 BCE - 27 CE)===
Classical Antiquity • Antiquity
Classical Antiquity • Antiquity


Line 317: Line 368:
Aristotle conceives formal logic
Aristotle conceives formal logic


===Embodiment Era===
===Embodiment Era (27 CE - 245 CE)===


'''27 CE (c.), Galilee, Roman Judea (modern Occupied Palestine)'''
'''27 CE (c.), Galilee, Roman Judea (modern Occupied Palestine)'''
Line 338: Line 389:
Marcus Aurelius establishes noocratic revolution
Marcus Aurelius establishes noocratic revolution


===Emanation Era===
===Emanation Era (245 CE - 610 CE)===
Antiquity • Late antiquity
Antiquity • Late antiquity


Line 358: Line 409:
Pseudo-Dionysius symbolises Neoplatonism
Pseudo-Dionysius symbolises Neoplatonism


===Dawn Era (610 CE - 661 CE)===
'''610 CE, Mecca, Hejaz (modern Saudi Arabia)'''
'''610 CE, Mecca, Hejaz (modern Saudi Arabia)'''
<br />
<br />
Line 406: Line 458:
Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq is assassinated by clanocratic poison
Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq is assassinated by clanocratic poison


===Islamic Golden Age===
===Islamic Golden Age (820 CE - 1270 CE)===
Early Middle Ages • High Middle Ages • Occultation Era
Early Middle Ages • High Middle Ages • Occultation Era


Line 457: Line 509:
Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar sells off oil exploitation rights of 75% of Persia to Britain in exchange for personal profit
Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar sells off oil exploitation rights of 75% of Persia to Britain in exchange for personal profit


===Awakening Era===
===Awakening Era (1940 CE - 1979 CE)===


Late Modern Period to Early Contemporary Period • Pre to Early Information Age
Late Modern Period to Early Contemporary Period • Pre to Early Information Age
Line 485: Line 537:
Morteza Motahhari co-founds Combatant Clergy Association
Morteza Motahhari co-founds Combatant Clergy Association


===Revival Era===
===Revival Era (1979 CE - Today)===
Late Modern Era • Middle Information Age
Late Modern Era • Middle Information Age
   
   

Latest revision as of 00:57, 23 April 2026

Rationalist Islam is an epistemic-led and rational-empirical branch of the mainly Islamic school of philosophers and mystics. Rationalist Muslims ground their views, practices, and identities in a set of independently justified and domain-specific rational principles.

They adopt the terms “Islam” and "Muslim" as identities only after critical assessment of historical evidence suggests that Muḥammad substantially aligned with these principles. Rationalist Islam is, therefore, a continuation of the historical Muhammadan movement with the aim of maximising the wellbeing of all sentient inhabitants of the world.

The guiding maxim often associated with Rationalist Islam is “Religion as movement — not monument,” emphasising an ongoing, adaptive, principle-led, evidence-based, ethically purposive project rather than static veneration and dogma.

Proponents describe Rationalist Islam as a continuation — and internal reformulation — of the broader Near Eastern and Mediterranean “wisdom tradition,” drawing a conceptual lineage from classical philosophy (Plato, Aristotle, Plotinus), biblical and late antique sapiential currents (including the Jesus movement’s emphasis on justice and inner transformation), through Muḥammad’s proclamations, early and medieval Islamic philosophy (falsafa) and mysticism (taṣawwuf/ʿirfān), and extending into modern historical-critical and scientific methods.

Terminology

As an entailment of their commitment to rational inquiry, epistemic pluralism, and intellectual accommodation, adherents of Rationalist Islam employ self-designations contextually rather than absolutely. Terminological choice is treated not as a fixed badge of immutable identity, but as a communicative instrument governed by audience, subject matter, pedagogical objective, and strategic relevance.

This practice follows from a broader view of language itself. Religious, philosophical, and civilisational vocabularies are understood less as self-sufficient essences than as historically situated vehicles for communicating truth. Different traditions may preserve overlapping apprehensions of reality under different symbolic forms. Rationalist Muslims therefore regard the contextual adoption of multiple, even apparently divergent, labels as intellectually legitimate and pedagogically useful, provided that the underlying substantive orientation remains unchanged. The point is not terminological inconsistency for its own sake, but the articulation of one stable orientation through whatever vocabulary is most intelligible, resonant, or strategically appropriate in a given setting.

Accordingly, Rationalist Muslims may identify themselves by a range of designations, including the following:

Mystic

Inward transformation through direct encounter with reality.
Rationalist Muslims identify themselves as mystics because they understand religion and philosophy to require not only doctrinal or intellectual assent, but also inward transformation, purification of perception, direct apprehension, and the cultivation of heightened consciousness.

Rationalist Mystic

Illumination disciplined by reason.
Rationalist Muslims identify themselves as rationalist mystics because they reject the reduction of mysticism to mere mood, aesthetic sensibility, emotional intensity, or an ineffable feeling. Mysticism, on this account, requires philosophical grounding, conceptual discipline, and integration into a continuously refined and corrigible model of reality. Mystical apprehension and rational inquiry are therefore treated not as opposites, but as mutually reinforcing dimensions of a single search for truth. They distinguish their position from other more common forms of mysticism they regard as anti-intellectual, sentimental, vague, or detached from disciplined metaphysical inquiry.

Gnostic

Divine command via nature, not text.
Rationalist Muslims identify themselves as gnostics because they place strong emphasis on transformative knowledge, inward unveiling, and direct apprehension of reality. The designation also serves to distinguish their orientation from forms of religion centred primarily on external conformity, formal observance, or exoteric adherence without corresponding depth of understanding.

Esotericist

Some truths must be unveiled, not merely announced.
Rationalist Muslims identify themselves as esotericists because they affirm the existence of inner meanings, symbolic depth, graded disclosure, and teachings not always suitable for universal or undifferentiated public presentation. Esotericism, in this context, does not imply arbitrariness or obscurantism, but rather the claim that truths differ in communicative suitability according to audience, readiness, and circumstance.

Theist

Begin with reality before arguing about religion.
Rationalist Muslims identify themselves as theists in order to distinguish themselves from atheists while preserving conceptual focus on necessary existence and ultimate reality. The term is useful where the immediate objective is to prevent discussion from being prematurely burdened by the psychological, historical, and cultural associations attached to Islam, religion, or Muslims as social categories. In such contexts, “theist” allows the argument to proceed first at the level of metaphysical logic before wider doctrinal and civilisational implications are introduced.

Neoplatonist

Emanation from the One. Return to the One.
Rationalist Muslims identify themselves as Neoplatonists because they affirm a range of ideas historically associated with Neoplatonic philosophy, including metaphysical hierarchy, ontological gradation, intellectual ascent, and the derivation of lower orders of reality from higher principles. The term is used not necessarily to imply exhaustive doctrinal identity with historical Neoplatonism, but to indicate substantial affinity with its metaphysical architecture.

Christian

Revive Christ by achieving what he could not.
Rationalist Muslims may identify themselves as Christians insofar as they venerate Christ for his attempt - albeit a failed one - at becoming philosopher-king. Although the historical Jesus could not achieve primary influence but rather significant secondary influence, Rationalist Muslims consider him to be a major noocratic role model in light of his self-sacrificial, charismatic, mystical, revolutionary socio-political movement directed toward global wellbeing. The designation therefore signals not confessional conversion to normative Christianity, but recognition of Jesus as a real participant in the same broader civilisational and noocratic lineage.

Muslim

Submission to reality because reality belongs to God.
Rationalist Muslims identify themselves as Muslims insofar as they understand Islam, at its most fundamental level, as submission to ultimate reality, namely God. Such submission is not restricted to inherited formulations, communal convention, or literalist dogma, but extends to reality wherever it discloses itself and by whatever reliable means it is disclosed. Different domains of inquiry accordingly require different epistemic instruments: the scientific method for the natural world, the historical-critical method for history, and logic for philosophical and metaphysical questions. Should superior epistemic methods emerge in future, those too would be adopted, since submission is owed not to any single inherited method as such, but to truth itself.

Inner Circle Muslim

Deeper truths tend to sound more blasphemous.
Rationalist Muslims identify themselves as Inner Circle Muslims because they hold that philosophers, mystics, sages, and religious founders such as Muḥammad, Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq, and others frequently presupposed or enacted hierarchical structures of knowledge and instruction. On this model, discipleship is not epistemically flat. Followers, students, initiates, believers, and supporters may instead be distributed across concentric circles of increasing intimacy, trust, responsibility, and understanding, extending outward to the ʿawāmm, or general public. Higher truths, deeper symbolic meanings, and more sensitive political or metaphysical teachings are therefore not always communicated uniformly, but may be disclosed in graded form according to readiness, capacity, and circumstance.

Imami

The Imam is none other than the Philosopher King.
Rationalist Muslims identify themselves as Imamis in a sense broadly similar to their use of Shiʿi and Twelver Shiʿi, but with more explicit emphasis on the Imam as a philosophical and political category. In this usage, the Shiʿi Imam is understood functionally as the Arabic equivalent of the philosopher-king: the figure in whom intellectual excellence, moral authority, spiritual depth, and rightful leadership converge.

Shi'i

To recognise the philosopher king and support him.
Rationalist Muslims identify themselves as Shiʿis because they understand the essence of Shiʿism not merely in genealogical or confessional terms, but as recognition of the individual who is most fully wise, just, philosophically grounded, mystical, self-sacrificial, charismatic, and oriented toward the establishment of noocracy for the sake of global wellbeing. In this sense, Shiʿism is construed as principled alignment with the rightful bearer of intellectual, ethical, and political authority once such a figure is discerned.

Inner Circle Shi'i

Deeper truths tend to sound more blasphemous.
Rationalist Muslims identify themselves as Inner Circle Shiʿis for the combined reasons implied by both the Inner Circle Muslim and Shiʿi designations. They hold that Shiʿi Imams such as Muḥammad al-Bāqir and Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq possessed not only broad publics of sympathisers and followers, but also more intimate circles of disciples, students, and initiates to whom deeper teachings, esoteric interpretations, and forms of strategic political knowledge were entrusted. The designation therefore indicates both allegiance to the Imam and recognition of graded access to truth, mission, and responsibility.

Ja'fari

The essence of Muhammad's teachings, but evolved.
Rationalist Muslims may identify themselves as Jaʿfari in a sense closely related to the Twelver Shiʿi, Imami, and Shiʿi designations outlined above, but with particular emphasis on Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq. He is regarded as exemplifying many of the qualities and concerns central to Rationalist Islam, including intention, jurisprudence, mysticism, secret politics, intelligence, underground teaching, and intellectual greatness. The designation also carries a historiographical advantage: even when approached through the historical-critical method, Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq’s life, teachers, interlocutors, and legacy are comparatively more recoverable than those of many other early figures. Jaʿfarism is therefore useful not only symbolically, but also methodologically, as a marker of identifiable continuity.

Sunni

The essence of Muhammad's tradition was his noocratic revolution.
Rationalist Muslims may identify themselves as Sunni insofar as they understand themselves to be committed to continuing the sunnah of Muḥammad, construed not narrowly as a catalogue of inherited outward practices, but more substantively as a mode of charismatic, poetic, philosophically grounded, mystical, intellectually graded, ecumenical, and socio-political revolution. In this usage, “Sunni” denotes continuity with the living pattern and civilisational mission of Muḥammad rather than exclusive adherence to later sectarian boundary-making.

Twelver Shi'i

The world indeed yearns for the perfect saviour.
Rationalist Muslims identify themselves as Twelver Shiʿis for several reasons. Many are descendants of, born into, or raised within Twelver Shiʿi households and therefore continue to bear the imprint of Twelver devotional, cultural, ethical, and communal life. Some also did, at least at certain points, believe in the longevity of the Twelfth Imam. More broadly, many retain solidarity with Twelver symbolic and social worlds, and in Twelver settings may preserve reverence for the idea that the philosopher-king ideal remains in occultation, hidden from the world, and that historical labour should be directed toward making his appearance, or the conditions of his appearance, a reality.

Akbarian

The many are manifestations of a deeper unity.
Rationalist Muslims identify themselves as Akbarians because of their affinity with Ibn ʿArabī, al-Shaykh al-Akbar, especially in relation to waḥdat al-wujūd. The designation indicates substantive metaphysical sympathy with Akbarian modes of thought, particularly where they concern unity, manifestation, and the structure of reality.

Salafi

Return to the first generations to challenge later dogma.
Rationalist Muslims may identify themselves as Salafi in a partly strategic and partly polemical sense, often in order to establish rapport with Salafis while unsettling contemporary monopolies over the term. The point is to show, first, that the salaf themselves did not agree on every matter later elevated into decisive markers of orthodoxy, and second, that some among the salaf would likely have been more sympathetic to, or at least more tolerant of, certain Rationalist Muslim beliefs and practices than many present-day Salafis are. The designation is therefore used not to collapse into contemporary Salafism, but to contest its historical self-certainty from within its own symbolic vocabulary.

Red Shi'i

Black Shiʿism is dead. Red Shi'ism is alive.
Rationalist Muslims identify themselves as Red Shiʿis in a sense broadly aligned with ʿAlī Sharīʿatī’s distinction between “Red Shiʿism” and “Black Shiʿism.” By this they mean a militant, awakened, and historically conscious Shiʿism directed against passivity, ritualism, sedation, and apolitical religiosity. The designation is used to oppose forms of Shiʿi identity centred merely on mourning, inherited symbolism, devotional spectacle, or hagiographical glory, and to affirm instead the revival of Muḥammad’s struggle against oppressors and for active global justice.

Khomeinist

The reviver of Muhammad's sociopolitical revolution.
Rationalist Muslims identify themselves as Khomeinists because they regard Rūḥollāh Khomeini as the figure who inaugurated the Revival Era through revolution, resistance, and the reanimation of the Muhammadan movement under modern conditions. This designation is strengthened by the fact that many adherents are near-contemporaries of that era and therefore understand it not merely as distant history, but as a living civilisational turning point. They venerate Khomeini for his emphasis on Muslim unity, his refusal to allow minor jurisprudential, and even certain doctrinal, differences to eclipse larger geopolitical and moral struggles, and his attempt to restore religion to the plane of historical agency. They also esteem his philosophy, mysticism, poetry, politics, geopolitical vision, anti-imperialism, his opposition to ethnosupremacy including Zionism, his unwavering dedication to the oppressed including Palestinians, Black people, and victims of Western hegemony, as well as his charisma, bidomainal genius, willingness to override rigid jurisprudential dogmatism, and for his commitment to the many modern challenges of anti-imperialist resistance economy. Rationalist Muslims often repeat a maxim when discussing the idea of the Philosopher King: Plato conceived it, Jesus tried it, Muḥammad achieved it, Khomeini revived it.

Cognitive dispositions

“whatever is, is; whatever is not, is not.”

Every entity or proposition is self-identical and distinct from its negation.

“nothing can both be and not be in the same respect.”

Nothing can both be and not be in the same respect.

“every real state of affairs has some reason or ground.”

Every real state of affairs is intelligible; it has some reason, ground, or explanation for why it is rather than not, even if that reason is intrinsic.

“some things exist but could, in principle, not have existed.”

There exist beings whose non-existence involves no contradiction.

Explanation cannot be self-grounding or infinitely deferred; every chain of dependence must terminate in something self-sufficient.

Conative dispositions

1. Preference for truth over comfort

2. Desire for personal development

3. Desire for the maximisation of global wellbeing

4. Desire to actively participate in the maximisation of global wellbeing

5. Tendency for self-sacrifice

The Rational Entailments

From the cognitive and conative dispositions follows a series of entailments that together constitute the framework of Rationalist Islam. They are not adopted as beliefs, asserted as doctrines, or accepted by tradition, but are said to follow by necessity from the structure of reason itself.

Each entailment represents what any rational intellect must affirm once it accepts the laws of thought and the intelligibility of being: that contingent existence requires grounding, that explanation must terminate in the self-sufficient, and that the pursuit of knowledge within each domain must proceed according to the logic appropriate to that domain. What follows, therefore, are not articles of faith but the logical unfoldings of reason — the positions that reason itself necessitates concerning existence, knowledge, and ethics.

Rationalist Islam proceeds on the principle that no claim is exempt from reason’s jurisdiction. Every position is derived — not asserted — by applying the Five Prior Rational Commitments. What follows is a continuous sequence of conclusions that any rational agent should grant once those priors are accepted.

1) Metaphysical rationalism

2) Foundationalism

3) Epistemic parsimony

4) Ontological parsimony

5) Primacy of Consciousness

6) Analytic idealism

7) Oneness of consciousness

Monism • Nondualism

8) Ontological priority

9) Gradation of consciousness

Gradation of existence • Gradation of reality • Tashkīk al-wujūd

10) Meta Consciousness

Ahura Mazda • Allāh • Aten • Baha • Brahman • Dao • 'Ēl • Father • God • God the Father • Necessary Existent • Necessary Existentiator • Necessary Reality • Pure Consciousness • Shangdi • Tao • The Divine • The One • Unconditioned Reality • Vishnu • Waheguru • Wājib al-Wujūd • Yahweh

11) Necessary simplicity

Al-Basāṭah al-ilāhiyyah • Divine simplicity • Monotheism • Oneness • Oneness of Allah • Oneness of God • Tawhīd

12) Absolute necessary simplicity

13) Conscientiation ex conscientia

Badā'a • Creatio ex deo • Origination

14) Necessitarianism

ʿAdl • Divine justice

15) Eternalism / Eternal Creation

16) Rule of one

17) First conscientiate

First creation • First intellect • First light • Image of God • Imago dei • Mashīyya • Nūr Muhammadiyya • Ontologically first dependent existent • Pen • Perfect creation • Qalam • Universal intellect

18) Intermediary conscientiates

Angels • Immaterial existents • Malāʾika

19) Observable universe

Cosmos • Dunyā • Material dimension • Material realm • Material world • Multiverse • Natural World • Olam HaZeh • Physical world • Sensible dimension • Sensible realm • Sensible world • Universe

20) B-theory of time

Tenseless theory of time

21) Compatibilism

Divine Decree • Divine Predestination • Illusion of Libertarian Free Will • Predestination • Qadar • Soft determinism

22) Perdurantism

23) Physical empiricism

Empirical method • Scientific method

Dhikr • God consciousness • Meditation • Salāh • Taqwā

25) Self-cultivation

26) Superiority of intellect

27) Rational self-governance

28) Mysticism

'Ibādah • Islām • Servitude • Submission • Worship

29) Prayer

Ṣalāh

30) Fasting

Ṣawm

31) Charity

Almsgiving • Zakāh

32) Pilgrimage

Ḥajj

Discipline • Exertion • Fighting • Holy war • Jihād • Sacred battle • Striving • Struggle

34) Heightened consciousness

Altered state of consciousness • Anubhava • Enlightenment • Henosis • Ilhām • Nirvana • Noetic mystical experience • Nubuwwah • Perfect knowledge acquisition • Prophethood • Samadhi • Revelation • Wahī

35) Gradation of Intellect

Cognitive heterogeneity

Messengership • Risālah

38) Noocracy

Epistocracy • Imāmah • Mulk al-Hakīm • Perfect Manhood • Philosopher Kingship • Velāyateh Amr • Velāyateh Faqīh • Wilāyah al-Amr • Wilāyah al-Faqīh

Demigod • High-Conscious Individual • High-Integration Individual • Hujjah • Imām • Infallible • Insān al-Kāmil • Insān ‘alā Khuluqin ‘Adhīm • Integrate • Mālik al-Hakīm • Ma'sūm • Messenger • Meta-Conscious Agent • Nabī • New Man • Perfect Human • Perfect Man • Perfect Rational Animal • Philosopher King • Prophet • Rasūl • Transhuman • Übermensch • Valīyeh Amr • Valīyeh Faqīh • Walīy al-Amr • Walīy al-Faqīh

40) Intellectual Accommodation

Tawriyyah

41) Intellectual Dissimulation

Taqīyyah

42) Cognitive reframing

43) Motifs and Imagery

Motifs—light, ascent, circle, garden, path—translate abstract truths into memorable forms that shape imagination and action. Repetition builds identity; symbol stabilises norms.

44) Mythos for Most

Symbol and story teach where proof cannot yet reach. Properly used, mythos is not falsehood but imaginal pedagogy—true content rendered in forms accessible to typical abstraction bandwidths. It is accommodation at scale.

45) Repurposing Myths and Legends

Existing cultural materials can be redeemed: stripped of false metaphysics, rekeyed to the Necessary Existent and rational ethics, and redeployed for formation. Continuity with correction preserves social capital while elevating understanding.

46) Metanarratives

Human agents reason within stories. A metanarrative integrates metaphysics, ethics, and destiny into an intelligible arc that motivates virtue and sacrifice. Without a shared narrative, social coordination and long-range projects degrade.

47) Religion

48) Religious beliefs

Arkān al-īmān • Pillars of faith • 'Uṣūl al-dīn

49) Religious laws

Branches of religion • Furūʿ al-dīn • Pillars of practice

50) Need for Dogma

“Dogma” means publicly fixed minima of right belief and practice that coordinate a civilisation. It protects the many from costly error while leaving upper tiers open to demonstration and qualified debate. Dogma is not a substitute for truth; it is a civic guardrail toward it.

51) Confessional identity

Shahāda • Testimony of Faith

51) Need to Encourage and Control Behaviour

Where demonstration alone will not move median behaviour, law, institutions, incentives, and norms are rational instruments to align action with the good. This is an application of PSR to collective life: effects follow causes; therefore, design the causes.

Hagiography

Apotheosis • Deification • Divinisation • Ghulāt / Ghuluw • Heroisation • Legendary accretion • Mythicisation • Myth-making • Mythologisation • Mythopoeia • Sacralisation • Tawallā

Heresiography

Tabarrā

Timeline

Formative Era (387 BCE - 27 CE)

Classical Antiquity • Antiquity

387 BCE (c.), Athens, Greece
Plato begins noocratic revolution

  • Plato founds the Academy to cultivate a new generation of virtuous, logical leaders trained in ethics and abstract thought to improve society and political life.

387 - ? BCE (c.), Athens, Greece

  • Plato conceives Theory of Ideas
  • Plato conceives Theory of Soul
  • Plato conceives Form of the Good
  • Plato conceives Allegory of the Cave
  • Plato conceives The Philosopher King
  • Plato conceives The Noble Lie

335 BCE, Athens, Greece
Aristotle founds the Lyceum

335 BCE - ?, Athens, Greece
Aristotle conceives formal logic

Embodiment Era (27 CE - 245 CE)

27 CE (c.), Galilee, Roman Judea (modern Occupied Palestine)
Jesus begins local cultivation for noocratic revolution

  • Jesus begins his public ministry using parables and aphorisms to teach about ethics. He advocates the reversal of social hierarchies and preaches the transformation of world order, which he calls the coming "Kingdom of God." He gathers followers, including an inner circle of disciples and social outcasts.

29 CE (c.), Jerusalem, Roman Judea (modern Occupied Palestine)
Jesus begins regional cultivation for noocratic revolution

  • Jesus travels to Jerusalem for Passover, debates Jewish authorities on the subject of God, causes a disruption - often referred to as the cleansing of the Temple - and directly challenges local Jewish religious leadership.

30 CE (c.), Jerusalem, Roman Judea (modern Occupied Palestine)

  • Jesus is demonised by Jewish ethnocratic propaganda
  • Jesus is executed by Roman timocratic crucifixion

161 CE, Rome, Roman Empire (modern Wider Mediterranean World)
Marcus Aurelius establishes noocratic revolution

Emanation Era (245 CE - 610 CE)

Antiquity • Late antiquity

245–270 CE (c.), Rome, Roman Empire (modern Italy)
Plotinus conceives The One
Plotinus conceives Emanation by the One
Plotinus establishes Neoplatonism

412–485 CE, Athens, Eastern Roman Empire
Proclus popularises Platonism

485–528 CE, Syria, Eastern Roman Empire
Pseudo-Dionysius symbolises Neoplatonism

Dawn Era (610 CE - 661 CE)

610 CE, Mecca, Hejaz (modern Saudi Arabia)
Muḥammad begins noocratic revolution

622 CE, Medina, Hejaz (modern Saudi Arabia)
Muḥammad establishes noocratic revolution

632 CE, Medina, First Islamic state (modern Saudi Arabia)
Muḥammad dies in suspicious circumstances
Abu Bakr restores clanocracy
Ali begins noocratic revolution
Fāṭima al-Zahrā dies following suspected clanocratic arson attack

656 CE, Medina, Rashidun Caliphate (modern Saudi Arabia)
'Uthmān ibn 'Affān is assassinated by sword

656 CE, Medina, Rashidun Caliphate (modern Saudi Arabia)
ʿAlī establishes noocratic revolution

661 CE, Kufa, Rashidun Caliphate (modern Iraq)
ʿAlī is assassinated by kratocratic sword
Hasan ibn ʿAlī protects noocratic revolution
Hasan ibn ʿAlī is assassinated by poison
Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī begins noocratic revolution

680 CE, Karbala, Umayyad Caliphate (modern Iraq)
Husayn ibn ʿAlī is assassinated by clanocratic sword

732 CE, Medina, Umayyad Caliphate (modern Saudi Arabia)
Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq begins noocratic revolution

765 CE, Medina, Abbasid Caliphate (modern Saudi Arabia)
Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq is assassinated by clanocratic poison

Islamic Golden Age (820 CE - 1270 CE)

Early Middle Ages • High Middle Ages • Occultation Era

820 - 870 CE (c.), Baghdad, Abbasid Caliphate (modern Iraq)
al-Kindī

940 – 1060 CE (c.), Basra, Iraq
Brethren of Purity hold secret meetings

950 CE (c.), Damascus, Ikhshidid Syria (modern Syria)
al-Fārābī islamicises Neoplatonism

980 – 1037 CE, from Bukhara, Samanid Transoxiana (modern Uzbekistan) to Hamadan, Medieval Persia (modern Islamic Republic of Iran)
Ibn Sīnā conceives Proof of the Truthful

1186 CE (c.), Aleppo, Ayyubid Syria (modern Syria)
Shihab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi conceives Illuminationism

1191 CE (c.), Aleppo, Ayyubid Syria (modern Syria)
Shihab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi is executed by familiocratic violence

1200–1240 CE (c.), Mecca, Hejaz (modern Saudi Arabia) and Damascus, Ayyubid Syria (modern Syria)
Ibn ʿArabī conceives Unity of Existence

1220 - 1270 CE (c.), Maragha, Medieval Persia
Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī synthesises mysticism and science

Gunpowder Age

Mīr Dāmād conceives atemporal origination

Mulla Sadrā conceives Transcendent Theosophy

Oil Age

1890 CE (c.), London, Britain
British Foreign Office plots to exploit Persian oil

1901 CE, Tehran, Qajari Persia (modern Islamic Republic of Iran)
Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar sells off oil exploitation rights of 75% of Persia to Britain in exchange for personal profit

Awakening Era (1940 CE - 1979 CE)

Late Modern Period to Early Contemporary Period • Pre to Early Information Age

1940 CE (c.), Qom, Pahlavi Iran (modern Islamic Republic of Iran)
Ruhollah Khomeini begins noocratic revolution

1948 CE, British-occupied Palestine, (modern Zionist-occupied Palestine)
Britain transfers occupation of Palestine to European Jewish Zionists

1954 CE, Qom, Pahlavi Iran (modern Islamic Republic of Iran)
Muhammad Husayn Ṭabāṭabāʾī establishes intra-Qur’ānic exegesis

1971 CE (c.), Tehran, Pahlavi Iran (modern Islamic Republic of Iran)
Ali Shariati delivers 'Red Shi'ism vs. Black Shi'ism' lectures

1977 CE, Southampton, Britain
Ali Shariati dies in suspicious circumstances

1977 CE, Tehran, Pahlavi Iran (modern Islamic Republic of Iran)
Morteza Motahhari co-founds Combatant Clergy Association

Revival Era (1979 CE - Today)

Late Modern Era • Middle Information Age

1979 CE, Tehran, Post-Pahlavi Iran (modern Islamic Republic of Iran)
Ruhollah Khomeini establishes noocratic revolution

1979 CE, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
Morteza Motahhari is assassinated by Iranian seculocratic gunfire

1979 CE, Qom, Islamic Republic of Iran
Ruhollah Khomeini tells representatives of the tribes of Khuzestan and a delegation from Turkmen Sahra, "We Muslims are busy bickering over whether to fold or unfold our arms during prayer, while the enemy is devising ways of cutting them off."

1979 CE (c.), Beqaa, Lebanon
Hassan Nasrallah begins noocratic revolution

1982 CE, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
Ali Khamenei tells 60 Minutes Australia that the worst enemy is America

1989 CE, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
Ruhollah Khomeini dies
Ali Khamenei protects noocratic revolution

2001 CE, New York, America
Unidentified pilots fly planes into iconic American sites

2001 CE, Virginia, America
Senior military officer tells Wesley Clark that America has plotted to attack Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Libya, Somalia, Sudan and Islamic Republic of Iran

2001 CE, Afghanistan
America and European proxies begin war on Afghanistan

2003 CE, Iraq
America and European proxies begin war on Iraq

2006 CE, Washington D.C., America
America uses Jewish Zionist proxy Israel to attack Lebanon

2007 CE, Somalia
America begins its bombing war offensive on Somalia

2011 CE, Libya
America starts war on Libya

2011 CE, Sudan
America completes split of Sudan

2015 CE, London, Great Britain
Britain's Channel 4 broadcasts ex-CIA spy officer's American propaganda unchallenged, including, "The thing was ideal when IS was advancing on Baghdad because Sunnis were killing Shias. That's exactly what we need... our best hope right now is to get the Sunnis and Shias fighting each other and let them bleed each other white."

2024 CE, Dahieh, Lebanon
Hassan Nasrallah is assassinated by Jewish ethnocratic airstrike

2026 CE, Islamic Republic of Iran
America and Jewish Zionist proxy Israel begin armed riots in Islamic Republic of Iran
America and Jewish Zionist proxy Israel begin war on Islamic Republic of Iran

2026 CE, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
Ali Khamenei is assassinated by American plutocratic & Jewish ethnocratic airstrikes

2026 CE, Chicago, America
Leading American political scientist John Mearsheimer says American sanctions from 1971 to 2021 alone murdered 38 million people



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