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===Chapter 12. Candidates===
===Chapter 12. Candidates===


Confucius (551–479 BCE, China) — Philosopher, educator, ethicist.
[[Confucius]] (551–479 BCE, China) — Philosopher, educator, ethicist.
Advanced consciousness expressed as ethical cultivation and the idea that harmony in the individual extends outward into society, shaping relational and collective awareness.
Advanced consciousness expressed as ethical cultivation and the idea that harmony in the individual extends outward into society, shaping relational and collective awareness.


Socrates (469–399 BCE, Greece) — Philosopher, teacher.
[[Socrates]] (469–399 BCE, Greece) — Philosopher, teacher.
Embodied radical self-examination, dialogical truth-seeking, and the courage to die for principle, making consciousness of virtue the measure of life.
Embodied radical self-examination, dialogical truth-seeking, and the courage to die for principle, making consciousness of virtue the measure of life.


Plato (428–348 BCE, Greece) — Philosopher, writer, founder of the Academy.
[[Plato]] (428–348 BCE, Greece) — Philosopher, writer, founder of the Academy.
Elevated abstraction and the reality of universals, treating consciousness as participation in the realm of forms, an early theory of mind’s reach beyond perception.
Elevated abstraction and the reality of universals, treating consciousness as participation in the realm of forms, an early theory of mind’s reach beyond perception.


Zhuangzi (369–286 BCE, China) — Philosopher, Taoist sage.
[[Zhuangzi]] (369–286 BCE, China) — Philosopher, Taoist sage.
Emphasised fluidity of perspective and dream-consciousness, dissolving rigid distinctions between self and world in a proto-nondual mode.
Emphasised fluidity of perspective and dream-consciousness, dissolving rigid distinctions between self and world in a proto-nondual mode.


Aristotle (384–322 BCE, Greece) — Philosopher, scientist.
[[Aristotle]] (384–322 BCE, Greece) — Philosopher, scientist.
Analyzed mind (psyche) as structured layers of life — vegetative, animal, rational — anticipating systematic study of consciousness.
Analyzed mind (psyche) as structured layers of life — vegetative, animal, rational — anticipating systematic study of consciousness.


Ashoka the Great (304–232 BCE, India) — Emperor, Buddhist reformer.
[[Ashoka]] (304–232 BCE, India) — Emperor, Buddhist reformer.
Dramatic transformation from conquest to conscience: renounced violence, spread ethical edicts, showing consciousness as a basis for political life.
Dramatic transformation from conquest to conscience: renounced violence, spread ethical edicts, showing consciousness as a basis for political life.


Jesus of Nazareth (c. 4 BCE–30 CE, Judea) — Preacher, reformer.
[[Jesus]] (c. 4 BCE–30 CE, Judea) — Preacher, reformer.
Preached radical inversion of social norms (“the last shall be first”), extending consciousness into unconditional love and inner purity, even at cost of crucifixion.
Preached radical inversion of social norms (“the last shall be first”), extending consciousness into unconditional love and inner purity, even at cost of crucifixion.


Plotinus (204–270 CE, Egypt/Rome) — Philosopher, founder of Neoplatonism.
[[Plotinus]] (204–270 CE, Egypt/Rome) — Philosopher, founder of Neoplatonism.
Articulated the ascent of consciousness from sense to intellect to mystical union with “the One,” framing awareness as ontological participation.
Articulated the ascent of consciousness from sense to intellect to mystical union with “the One,” framing awareness as ontological participation.


Augustine of Hippo (354–430 CE, North Africa) — Bishop, theologian.
[[Augustine of Hippo]] (354–430 CE, North Africa) — Bishop, theologian.
Pioneered introspective analysis of memory, time, and will, treating consciousness of self as the site of encountering truth.
Pioneered introspective analysis of memory, time, and will, treating consciousness of self as the site of encountering truth.


Late Antiquity & Medieval Period
[[Muḥammad]] (570–632 CE, Arabia) — Philosopher, mystic, merchant, orator, poet, revolutionary, statesman, military commander.
 
Muhammad ibn Abdullah (570–632 CE, Arabia) — Prophet, statesman.
Combined contemplative withdrawal (Ḥirā) with revolutionary vision: transformed fragments of oral, poetic, and legal consciousness into a unifying moral-legal system.
Combined contemplative withdrawal (Ḥirā) with revolutionary vision: transformed fragments of oral, poetic, and legal consciousness into a unifying moral-legal system.


Ali ibn Abi Talib (601–661 CE, Arabia) — Caliph, jurist, philosopher-poet.
[[Ali]] (601–661 CE, Arabia) — Caliph, jurist, philosopher-poet.
Renowned for sermons that combined courage, self-awareness, and metaphysical reflection; model of integrating ethical action and contemplative thought.
Renowned for sermons that combined courage, self-awareness, and metaphysical reflection; model of integrating ethical action and contemplative thought.


Avicenna (Ibn Sina) (980–1037, Persia) — Physician, philosopher.
[[Fatima]] (c. 605–632 CE, Arabia) — Daughter of Muhammad, moral exemplar.
Remembered for eloquent sermons, advocacy for justice after her father’s death, and embodiment of moral integrity under political pressure. Represents advanced consciousness as ethical witness and personal sacrifice.
 
Hasan ibn Ali (624–670 CE, Arabia) — 2nd Imam, grandson of Muhammad.
Praised for conciliatory leadership; relinquished political authority to avoid bloodshed, embodying consciousness of peace and ethical restraint in volatile times.
 
Husayn ibn Ali (626–680 CE, Arabia) — 3rd Imam, grandson of Muhammad.
Martyr of Karbala, archetype of sacrificial consciousness: prioritised truth and justice over survival, becoming a symbol of resistance against tyranny across cultures.
 
Ali al-Sajjad (c. 659–713 CE, Arabia) — 4th Imam.
Survivor of Karbala, embodied contemplative consciousness through supplications (al-Ṣaḥīfa al-Sajjādiyya), integrating suffering with spiritual depth.
 
Muhammad al-Baqir (677–732 CE, Arabia) — 5th Imam.
Scholar and teacher, expanded intellectual foundations of Islamic thought. Consciousness expressed through systematic transmission of knowledge amid political marginalisation.
 
Ja'far al-Sadiq (702–765 CE, Arabia) — 6th Imam.
Renowned teacher of science, theology, and law; many Sunni and Shiʿi scholars trace knowledge to him. Consciousness here as integrative intellect bridging faith and reason.
 
Musa al-Kazim (744–799 CE, Arabia) — 7th Imam.
Known for patience and endurance during repeated imprisonments. Advanced consciousness expressed as steadfastness and inner resilience under oppression.
 
Ali al-Rida (766–817 CE, Arabia/Persia) — 8th Imam.
Engaged in public theological debates at Abbasid court; remembered for tolerance and intellectual breadth. Consciousness expressed as rational dialogue and openness.
 
Muhammad al-Jawad (811–835 CE, Arabia) — 9th Imam.
Became Imam in childhood, yet led with intellectual precocity. Symbol of youthful consciousness applied to leadership and scholarship.
 
Ali al-Hadi (828–868 CE, Arabia) — 10th Imam.
Lived under Abbasid surveillance, emphasised inner piety and guidance despite constraints. Consciousness here as quiet resilience and integrity under pressure.
 
Hasan al-Askari (844–874 CE, Arabia) — 11th Imam.
Restricted life in military garrison (Samarrāʾ), yet produced a legacy of ethical teachings. Consciousness expressed as leadership through personal example amid political isolation.
 
[[Avicenna]] (Ibn Sina) (980–1037, Persia) — Physician, philosopher.
His “floating man” thought experiment explored immediate self-awareness independent of the body, a foundational insight into consciousness studies.
His “floating man” thought experiment explored immediate self-awareness independent of the body, a foundational insight into consciousness studies.


Al-Ghazali (1058–1111, Persia) — Theologian, mystic.
[[Ibn Arabi]] (1165–1240, Andalusia) — Mystic, poet, philosopher.
Exposed limits of philosophy, yet revitalised spirituality through direct awareness of God, blending scepticism with experiential consciousness.
 
Ibn Arabi (1165–1240, Andalusia) — Mystic, poet, philosopher.
Elaborated the doctrine of the “Perfect Human” as the microcosm of all reality, theorising consciousness as the reflective mirror of the divine.
Elaborated the doctrine of the “Perfect Human” as the microcosm of all reality, theorising consciousness as the reflective mirror of the divine.


Dōgen (1200–1253, Japan) — Zen master, monastic reformer.
[[Dōgen]] (1200–1253, Japan) — Zen master, monastic reformer.
Articulated “being-time” (uji), collapsing distinctions of time and consciousness, teaching meditation as direct embodiment of awareness.
Articulated “being-time” (uji), collapsing distinctions of time and consciousness, teaching meditation as direct embodiment of awareness.


Rumi (Jalal al-Din Rumi) (1207–1273, Persia) — Poet, mystic.
[[Rumi]] (Jalal al-Din Rumi) (1207–1273, Persia) — Poet, mystic.
Through ecstatic poetry and metaphor, expressed consciousness as love-driven dissolution of ego into unity.
Through ecstatic poetry and metaphor, expressed consciousness as love-driven dissolution of ego into unity.


Meister Eckhart (1260–1328, Germany) — Theologian, mystic.
[[Meister Eckhart]] (1260–1328, Germany) — Theologian, mystic.
Taught detachment and the “birth of God in the soul,” centering consciousness as a formless ground of being.
Taught detachment and the “birth of God in the soul,” centering consciousness as a formless ground of being.


Mulla Sadra (1571–1640, Persia) — Philosopher, metaphysician.
[[Mulla Sadra]] (1571–1640, Persia) — Philosopher, metaphysician.
Developed gradational ontology (tashkīk al-wujūd), equating degrees of being with levels of consciousness, anticipating panpsychist lines.
Developed gradational ontology (tashkīk al-wujūd), equating degrees of being with levels of consciousness, anticipating panpsychist lines.


Early Modern Era
[[Galileo Galilei]] (1564–1642, Italy) — Astronomer, physicist.
 
Galileo Galilei (1564–1642, Italy) — Astronomer, physicist.
Shifted consciousness of the cosmos from geocentric certainty to empirical infinity, pioneering observational awareness of nature.
Shifted consciousness of the cosmos from geocentric certainty to empirical infinity, pioneering observational awareness of nature.


John Locke (1632–1704, England) — Philosopher, theorist.
[[John Locke]] (1632–1704, England) — Philosopher, theorist.
Defined personal identity as continuity of consciousness, influencing modern selfhood and rights theory.
Defined personal identity as continuity of consciousness, influencing modern selfhood and rights theory.


Isaac Newton (1643–1727, England) — Mathematician, physicist.
[[Isaac Newton]] (1643–1727, England) — Mathematician, physicist.
Unified celestial and terrestrial mechanics, expanding human consciousness to a law-governed cosmos.
Unified celestial and terrestrial mechanics, expanding human consciousness to a law-governed cosmos.


Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778, Switzerland/France) — Philosopher.
[[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] (1712–1778, Switzerland/France) — Philosopher.
Probed conscience, authenticity, and freedom, reshaping consciousness of self in society.
Probed conscience, authenticity, and freedom, reshaping consciousness of self in society.


Immanuel Kant (1724–1804, Prussia) — Philosopher.
[[Immanuel Kant]] (1724–1804, Prussia) — Philosopher.
Explained consciousness as structured by categories of understanding; “transcendental unity of apperception” as ground of experience.
Explained consciousness as structured by categories of understanding; “transcendental unity of apperception” as ground of experience.


Thomas Paine (1737–1809, England/USA) — Writer, revolutionary.
[[Thomas Paine]] (1737–1809, England/USA) — Writer, revolutionary.
Voiced universal rights and democratic conscience, extending awareness of political selfhood.
Voiced universal rights and democratic conscience, extending awareness of political selfhood.


Toussaint Louverture (1743–1803, Haiti) — Revolutionary leader.
[[Toussaint Louverture]] (1743–1803, Haiti) — Revolutionary leader.
Transformed consciousness of enslaved peoples into political agency, leading Haiti’s independence.
Transformed consciousness of enslaved peoples into political agency, leading Haiti’s independence.


William Blake (1757–1827, England) — Poet, artist.
[[William Blake]] (1757–1827, England) — Poet, artist.
Visionary imagination turned consciousness into prophetic art, critiquing industrial rationalism.
Visionary imagination turned consciousness into prophetic art, critiquing industrial rationalism.


G.W.F. Hegel (1770–1831, Germany) — Philosopher.
[[G.W.F. Hegel]] (1770–1831, Germany) — Philosopher.
Mapped consciousness through dialectical stages, culminating in self-realisation as Spirit.
Mapped consciousness through dialectical stages, culminating in self-realisation as Spirit.


Modern Era: Science, Revolution & Vision
[[Charles Darwin]] (1809–1882, England) — Naturalist.
 
Charles Darwin (1809–1882, England) — Naturalist.
Altered consciousness of life by introducing evolution, dissolving static hierarchies of species.
Altered consciousness of life by introducing evolution, dissolving static hierarchies of species.


Karl Marx (1818–1883, Germany) — Philosopher, revolutionary theorist.
[[Karl Marx]] (1818–1883, Germany) — Philosopher, revolutionary theorist.
Exposed class consciousness as historical driver, insisting on praxis linking thought to transformation.
Exposed class consciousness as historical driver, insisting on praxis linking thought to transformation.


Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900, Germany) — Philosopher.
[[Friedrich Nietzsche]] (1844–1900, Germany) — Philosopher.
Pushed consciousness beyond truth-illusions toward life-affirmation, the “Übermensch” as higher integration.
Pushed consciousness beyond truth-illusions toward life-affirmation, the “Übermensch” as higher integration.


Nikola Tesla (1856–1943, Serbia/US) — Inventor, engineer.
[[Nikola Tesla]] (1856–1943, Serbia/US) — Inventor, engineer.
Harnessed visionary imagination, turning inner visualisation into scientific-technological breakthroughs.
Harnessed visionary imagination, turning inner visualisation into scientific-technological breakthroughs.


Marie Curie (1867–1934, Poland/France) — Physicist, chemist.
[[Marie Curie]] (1867–1934, Poland/France) — Physicist, chemist.
Expanded human consciousness of matter by revealing radioactivity, with extraordinary intellectual discipline.
Expanded human consciousness of matter by revealing radioactivity, with extraordinary intellectual discipline.


Mahatma Gandhi (1869–1948, India) — Lawyer, revolutionary.
[[Mahatma Gandhi]] (1869–1948, India) — Lawyer, revolutionary.
Embodied sacrificial consciousness through satyagraha (truth-force), nonviolent resistance, and willingness to suffer for justice.
Embodied sacrificial consciousness through satyagraha (truth-force), nonviolent resistance, and willingness to suffer for justice.


Rosa Luxemburg (1871–1919, Poland/Germany) — Revolutionary socialist.
[[Rosa Luxemburg]] (1871–1919, Poland/Germany) — Revolutionary socialist.
Integrated intellectual clarity with sacrificial activism, writing profound critiques while dying for her cause.
Integrated intellectual clarity with sacrificial activism, writing profound critiques while dying for her cause.


Rainer Maria Rilke (1875–1926, Austria) — Poet, writer.
[[Rainer Maria Rilke]] (1875–1926, Austria) — Poet, writer.
Explored existential states and consciousness of finitude through lyrical intensity.
Explored existential states and consciousness of finitude through lyrical intensity.


Carl Jung (1875–1961, Switzerland) — Psychiatrist.
[[Carl Jung]] (1875–1961, Switzerland) — Psychiatrist.
Developed the unconscious/archetypal model, framing consciousness as individuation toward wholeness.
Developed the unconscious/archetypal model, framing consciousness as individuation toward wholeness.


Albert Einstein (1879–1955, Germany/US) — Physicist.
[[Albert Einstein]] (1879–1955, Germany/US) — Physicist.
Reconceptualised time, space, and relativity, demonstrating imaginative consciousness as scientific method.
Reconceptualised time, space, and relativity, demonstrating imaginative consciousness as scientific method.


Simone Weil (1909–1943, France) — Philosopher, mystic.
[[Simone Weil]] (1909–1943, France) — Philosopher, mystic.
Married mystical attentiveness with radical political conscience, lived sacrificial solidarity with workers and victims.
Married mystical attentiveness with radical political conscience, lived sacrificial solidarity with workers and victims.


Contemporary Era: Conscience, Sacrifice & Leadership
[[Ruhollah Khomeini]] (1902–1989, Iran) — Cleric, revolutionary leader.
 
Ruhollah Khomeini (1902–1989, Iran) — Cleric, revolutionary leader.
Unified metaphysics, mysticism, and political revolution, embodying sacrificial exile before seizing transformative power.
Unified metaphysics, mysticism, and political revolution, embodying sacrificial exile before seizing transformative power.


David Bohm (1917–1992, USA/UK) — Physicist, philosopher.
[[David Bohm]] (1917–1992, USA/UK) — Physicist, philosopher.
Proposed implicate order, dialogue as expansion of shared consciousness, bridging science and holistic awareness.
Proposed implicate order, dialogue as expansion of shared consciousness, bridging science and holistic awareness.


Nelson Mandela (1918–2013, South Africa) — Revolutionary, president.
[[Nelson Mandela]] (1918–2013, South Africa) — Revolutionary, president.
Sacrificially endured 27 years in prison, then embodied reconciliatory consciousness over vengeance.
Sacrificially endured 27 years in prison, then embodied reconciliatory consciousness over vengeance.


James Baldwin (1924–1987, USA) — Writer, activist.
[[James Baldwin]] (1924–1987, USA) — Writer, activist.
Articulated consciousness of race, identity, and love with radical clarity and eloquence.
Articulated consciousness of race, identity, and love with radical clarity and eloquence.


Malcolm X (1925–1965, USA) — Minister, activist.
[[Malcolm X]] (1925–1965, USA) — Minister, activist.
Transformed his own consciousness through struggle, symbolising liberation through fearless self-reinvention.
Transformed his own consciousness through struggle, symbolising liberation through fearless self-reinvention.


Martin Luther King Jr. (1929–1968, USA) — Minister, civil rights leader.
[[Martin Luther King Jr.]] (1929–1968, USA) — Minister, civil rights leader.
Preached unitive, sacrificial love and justice, embodying higher ethical consciousness at great personal risk.
Preached unitive, sacrificial love and justice, embodying higher ethical consciousness at great personal risk.


Ali Khamenei (1939–present, Iran) — Cleric, revolutionary, head of state.
[[Ali Khamenei]] (1939–present, Iran) — Cleric, revolutionary, head of state.
Blends political leadership with a philosophical-mystical lineage, navigating survival under immense constraint.
Blends political leadership with a philosophical-mystical lineage, navigating survival under immense constraint.


Vaclav Havel (1936–2011, Czechia) — Playwright, dissident, president.
[[Vaclav Havel]] (1936–2011, Czechia) — Playwright, dissident, president.
Coined “living in truth” as a form of political-moral consciousness in oppressive regimes.
Coined “living in truth” as a form of political-moral consciousness in oppressive regimes.


Hassan Nasrallah (1960–present, Lebanon) — Cleric, political-military leader.
[[Hassan Nasrallah]] (1960–2024, Lebanon) — Cleric, political-military leader.
Charismatic orator, blends political struggle with sacrificial posture under constant threat.
Charismatic orator, blends political struggle with sacrificial posture under constant threat.


'Īsā (Jesus)
===Chapter 13. Reception===
 
====13.1 Hagiography====
 
=====13.1.1 Other terms=====
 
Apotheosis • Deification • Divinisation • Ghuluw • Heroisation • Legendary accretion • Mythicisation • Myth-making • Mythologisation • Mythopoeia • Sacralisation
 
=====13.1.2 [[Ghulāt]]=====
 
===Chapter 14. Legends===
 
ʾĀdām (Ādam, Adam)


Abū Tālib
Idrīs (Enoch or Hermes Trismegistus)


[[Muḥammad]]
Nūḥ (Noah)


'Alī ibn Abī Tālib
[[Hūd]]
Ṣāliḥ
Ibrāhīm (Abraham)


Fātimah al-Zahrā
Lūṭ (Lot)


Hasan ibn 'Alī
Ismā'īl (Ishmael)


Husayn ibn 'Alī
Isḥāq (Isaac)


'Alī al-Sajjād
Ya'qūb (Jacob)


Muhammad al-Bāqir
Yūsuf (Joseph)


Ja'far al-Sādiq
Ayyūb (Job)


Mūsa al-Kādhim
Shu'ayb
Mūsā (Moses)


'Alī al-Ridā
Hārūn (Aaron)


Muhammad al-Jawād
Dāūd (David)


'Alī al-Hādī
Sulaymān (Solomon)


Hasan al-'Askarī
Ilyās (Elijah)


Muhammad al-Mahdī
Alyasa' (Elisha)
 
Yūnus (Jonah)
 
Ḏū l-Kifli (Ezekiel, Isaiah, Obadiah or Buddha)
 
Zakariyyā (Zechariah)


Ḥasan Naṣr-Allāh
Yaḥyā (John the Baptist)


Rūhollāh Khomeinī
Muhammad al-Mahdī


==Part VI Material dependent unactualised rational existents: Homo sapiens==
==Part VI Material dependent unactualised rational existents: Homo sapiens==
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===Chapter 16. [[Inheritance]]===
===Chapter 16. [[Inheritance]]===
===Chapter 17. [[Religion]]===
===Chapter 18. [[Rationalist Islām]]===
===Chapter 19. [[Advocacy]]===


==Part VII Material dependent unactualised rational existents: Homo erectus==
==Part VII Material dependent unactualised rational existents: Homo erectus==
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