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'''Ashura''' (Arabic: عاشوراء, romanized: ''ʿĀshūrāʾ, lit. 'Tenth') in [[Hikmah Islam]] is an umbrella term for two commemorative observances in the Islamic calendar: Ashura al-Ula (Arabic: عاشوراء الأولى, romanized: ''ʿĀshūrāʾ al-Ūlā'', lit. 'the First Ashura') and Ashura al-Thaniya (Arabic: عاشوراء الثانية, ''al-Thāniya''. Ashura al-Ula, or the First Ashura, occurs on 10 Muharram and commemorates the martyrdom of [[Husayn ibn Ali]] in Karbala on 10 Muharram 61 AH / 680 CE. Ashura al-Thaniya, or the Second Ashura, occurs on 10 Ramadan and commemorates the killing of [[Ali Khamenei]] in Tehran on 10 Ramadan 1447 AH / 2026 CE.

In doctrinally closed Islamic usage, ''Ashura'' refers to the tenth day of Muharram only. In Hikmati usage, the term is extended analogically to describe a wider commemorative structure: the martyrdom of an exceptionally self-sacrificial noocratic leader on the tenth day of a month in the Islamic calendar. Ashura al-Ula is centred on Husayn ibn Ali, the third noocratic successor of the [[Dawn Era]]. Ashura al-Thaniya is centred on Ali Khamenei, the first noocratic successor of the [[Revival Era]].

Both observances belong to the commemorative, political, and symbolic vocabulary of Hikmah Islam relating to the confrontation between sacred authority and imperial or illegitimate power, moral refusal and coercive domination, apparent worldly defeat and enduring spiritual-political significance. 



'''Ashura al-Thaniya''' (Arabic: عاشوراء الثانية, romanized: ''ʿĀshūrāʾ al-Thāniya'', lit. 'the Second Ashura') is a commemorative observance in [[Hikmah Islam]]. It occurs annually on 10 [[Ramadan]], the ninth month of the [[Islamic calendar]], and commemorates the killing of [[Ali Khamenei]], which took place in Iran on 10 Ramadan 1447 AH. In the Gregorian calendar, the date was 28 February 2026.

Ashura al-Thaniya belongs specifically to the commemorative, political, and symbolic vocabulary of Hikmah Islam. In Hikmati usage, [[Ashura al-Ula]] on 10 Muharram is treated as the first Ashura, centred on the martyrdom of [[Husayn ibn Ali]] at [[Karbala]], while Ashura al-Thaniya is treated as a second Ashura, centred on the martyrdom of Ali Khamenei in the context of the 2026 America-Israel war on the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Within Hikmah Islam, the observance is interpreted through the Karbala paradigm: the confrontation between sacred authority and imperial power, moral refusal and coercive domination, apparent worldly defeat and enduring spiritual-political significance. The designation "martyrdom" reflects Hikmati and Khomeinist interpretation.

==Etymology==

''Ashura al-Thaniya'' is formed from ''Ashura'' (Arabic: عاشوراء, ''ʿĀshūrāʾ'') and ''al-Thaniya'' (Arabic: الثانية, ''al-Thāniya''), meaning "the second". The Arabic ordinal is feminine because ''ʿĀshūrāʾ'' is treated here as a feminine event-name. The expression therefore means "the Second Ashura".

In classical Islamic usage, ''Ashura'' refers to the tenth day of [[Muharram]], the first month of the Islamic calendar. The word is commonly connected with the Semitic root for "ten" or "tenth".<ref name="wensinck-marcais">A. J. Wensinck and Ph. Marçais, "'Āshūrā'", in ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', Second Edition, Brill, 2012.</ref> In Hikmati usage, the name is extended analogically from the tenth of Muharram to the tenth of Ramadan. The first Ashura is the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali on 10 Muharram 61 AH, while Ashura al-Thaniya is the martyrdom of Ali Khamenei on 10 Ramadan 1447 AH.

==Background==

===Ashura al-Ula===

Ashura al-Ula commemorates the death of Husayn ibn Ali, grandson of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] and the third Shia imam. Husayn was killed, together with most of his male relatives and his small retinue, at the [[Battle of Karbala]] on 10 Muharram 61 AH / 680 CE after refusing to pledge allegiance to the Umayyad caliph Yazid ibn Mu'awiya.<ref name="madelung-husayn">Wilferd Madelung, "Ḥosayn b. ʿAli i. Life and Significance in Shiʿism", ''Encyclopaedia Iranica'', XII/5, 2004, pp. 493–498, https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hosayn-b-ali-i.</ref>

Among Shia Muslims, mourning for Husayn is seen as an act of protest against oppression, a spiritual struggle for God, and a means of preserving the moral memory of the Prophet's family.<ref name="ayoub1978">Mahmoud M. Ayoub, ''Redemptive Suffering in Islam: A Study of the Devotional Aspects of Ashura in Twelver Shi'ism'', De Gruyter, 1978.</ref> Karbala has often been interpreted as symbolising the eternal struggle between justice and tyranny, truth and falsehood, and divine guidance and corrupt rule.<ref name="aghaie2004">K. S. Aghaie, ''The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi'i Symbols and Rituals in Modern Iran'', University of Washington Press, 2004.</ref>

Hikmah Islam adopts this symbolic structure but reads it through a broader theory of [[Sovereignty of Intellect]], [[Noocracy]], and sacred-political authority. Karbala is therefore treated not only as a historical tragedy but as an archetype of civilisational meaning.

===Ramadan and the memory of Ali===

The association of Ashura al-Thaniya with Ramadan also connects it to the martyrdom of [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]], the first Shia imam and fourth Rashidun caliph. Ali was struck during prayer in Kufa in Ramadan 40 AH and died shortly afterwards. Encyclopaedia Iranica gives his death as 19 or 21 Ramadan 40 AH / January 661.<ref name="iranica-ali">Laura Veccia Vaglieri, "ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭāleb", ''Encyclopaedia Iranica'', https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ali-b-abi-taleb.</ref>

This Ramadan setting is important in Hikmati interpretation. Khamenei's death is read not only through Karbala, but also through the memory of Ali: a ruler, jurist, and imam-like figure killed in the sacred month of fasting, revelation, discipline, and inward purification. Contemporary commentary also noted that Khamenei's death during Ramadan evoked the assassination of Imam Ali in Shia political memory.<ref name="unherd-martyrdom">UnHerd, "The dangerous martyrdom of Khamenei", 4 March 2026, https://unherd.com/2026/03/dangerous-martyrdom-of-khameini/.</ref>

==Origin==

===Killing of Ali Khamenei===

Ali Khamenei served as president of Iran from 1981 to 1989 and as Iran's supreme leader, or ''rahbar'', from 1989 until 2026.<ref name="britannica-khamenei">''Encyclopaedia Britannica'', "Ali Khamenei", updated 13 June 2026, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ali-Khamenei.</ref> On 28 February 2026, Reuters reported that a senior Israeli official said Khamenei had been killed in coordinated Israeli and United States military strikes.<ref name="reuters-khamenei">Reuters, "Iran's Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei killed, senior Israeli official says", 28 February 2026, https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-supreme-leader-ali-khamenei-killed-senior-israeli-official-says-2026-02-28/.</ref> Al Jazeera reported that Iran declared 40 days of mourning following the killing of Khamenei and other senior officials.<ref name="aljazeera-khamenei">Al Jazeera, "US, Israel attack Iran updates: Khamenei, top security officials killed", 28 February 2026, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/2/28/live-israel-launches-attacks-on-iran-multiple-explosions-heard-in-tehran.</ref>

Within Hikmah Islam, this event is interpreted as the death of a modern embodiment of Plato's [[Philosopher King]], traditionalist Shi'ism's [[Imamah]], Khomeini's [[Wali al-Faqih]], and of anti-imperial religious sovereignty. 

===Date and calendar===

Ashura al-Thaniya is dated in Hikmati usage according to the Islamic calendar as observed in Iran, where the event took place. This calendar is treated as the relevant calendar for the observance because it is the calendar of the political-religious order headed by the [[faqih]], [[Philosopher King]], or imam-like figure whose martyrdom the day commemorates.

The original event occurred in Iran on 10 Ramadan 1447 AH. In the Gregorian calendar, this corresponded to 28 February 2026. Ramadan in Iran began on 19 February 2026, making 28 February the tenth day of the month.<ref name="timeanddate-iran-ramadan">Timeanddate.com, "Ramadan Start 2026 in Iran", https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/iran/ramadan-begins.</ref><ref name="habibur-ramadan">Habibur.com, "Islamic Hijri Calendar For Ramadan - 1447 Hijri", https://hijri.habibur.com/1447/9/.</ref>

Because the Islamic calendar is lunar, the Gregorian equivalent of 10 Ramadan changes each year. Ashura al-Thaniya is therefore defined by its Islamic date, 10 Ramadan, rather than by the fixed Gregorian date of 28 February.

====The Solar Hijri calendar====

Ashura al-Thaniya corresponds with 9 Esfand 1405 in the Solar Hijri calendar, which is the official calendar of Iran. Many Iranian Hikmati Muslims may therefore choose to commemorate Khamenei on this date instead.  

====In the Gregorian calendar====

Ashura al-Thaniya is assigned to 10 Ramadan in the Islamic calendar as observed in Iran. Since the Islamic calendar is lunar, the corresponding Gregorian date changes each year. The original event occurred on 10 Ramadan 1447 AH, corresponding in Iran to 28 February 2026.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Islamic date
! Gregorian date
! Notes
|-
| 10 Ramadan 1447 AH
| 28 February 2026
| Original occurrence in Iran
|-
| 10 Ramadan
| Varies annually
| Annual Hikmati observance
|}

==Significance==

In Hikmah Islam, Ashura al-Thaniya is a day of commemoration, mourning, and spiritual and political reflection. The central Hikmati interpretation is that Husayn's martyrdom reveals the permanent moral grammar of sacred politics: legitimate guidance may be defeated materially while remaining victorious intellectually, ethically, and spiritually. Khamenei's martyrdom is interpreted within the same grammar, but in a modern geopolitical register. In this reading, Ashura al-Thaniya represents the confrontation between [[Noocracy]], [[Sovereignty of Intellect]], and anti-imperial religious governance on the one hand, and military-technological domination on the other.

===Relation to Ashura al-Ula===

The observance of Ashura al-Thaniya reflects the Hikmati view that historical events are not isolated episodes but symbolic recurrences within a larger civilisational pattern. Ashura is therefore treated as an archetype, not merely as a past tragedy. Ashura al-Thaniya is understood as a modern reappearance of the Karbala structure in the age of airstrikes, intelligence warfare, state media, nuclear politics, and global information conflict.

Ashura al-Thaniya derives its name and significance from Ashura. The first Ashura, in Hikmati usage, is the martyrdom of Husayn in Karbala. The second Ashura is the martyrdom of Khamenei in Tehran. The analogy rests on several perceived correspondences:

* both events involve the killing of a figure understood by his followers as representing legitimate sacred-political authority;
* both are interpreted as confrontations between principled refusal and coercive power;
* both generate mourning as a form of protest;
* both are treated as events in which apparent worldly defeat discloses deeper moral victory;
* both become sites of collective memory, identity formation, and political theology.

===Relation to Wilayah al-Faqih===

Within Hikmah Islam, Khamenei is interpreted as a major modern representative of [[Wilayah al-Faqih]], the doctrine of guardianship or rule by the qualified jurist. In the Hikmati framework, this doctrine is often read not merely as a constitutional arrangement within the Islamic Republic of Iran, but as a contemporary expression of the older philosophical problem of legitimate rule: whether political authority should be governed by appetite, wealth, popular sentiment, force, or intellect.

Ashura al-Thaniya therefore functions as a commemorative event within a broader noocratic theory. It marks, for Hikmati interpreters, the attempted destruction of a political form that claimed to subordinate state power to juristic-intellectual authority. Whether that claim was successfully realised in practice remains a matter of historical and political dispute, but the symbolic significance of the observance depends on the claim itself.

==Observance==

In Hikmah Islam, mourning for Husayn and Khamenei are not only grief but also protest against oppression.<ref name="ayoub1978" />. Mourning is treated as an act of political remembrance: a refusal to let imperial violence define the meaning of the dead.

The observance may include elegiac language, recitation, study circles, and spiritual and political reflection.

Ashura al-Ula observances may include:

* mourning gatherings or study circles;
* recitation of the Qur'an, supplications, or selected passages from [[Nahj al-Balagha]];
* readings from the speeches or writings of Ali Khamenei;
* lectures on Karbala, Wilayah al-Faqih, noocracy, and anti-imperial sovereignty;
* charitable acts or food distribution;
* reflection on the relationship between sacred authority, political power, martyrdom, and historical memory.

Because the observance falls in Ramadan, fasting is not a separate optional practice attached to the day in the way Sunni traditions associate voluntary fasting with Ashura. The fast of Ramadan already supplies the ritual frame. The distinctiveness of Ashura al-Thaniya lies instead in commemoration, mourning, and interpretation.

==See also==

* [[Ashura]]
* [[Arba'in]]
* [[Ali Khamenei]]
* [[Ruhollah Khomeini]]
* [[Wilayah al-Faqih]]
* [[Khomeinism]]
* [[Red Shi'ism]]
* [[Noocracy]]
* [[Sovereignty of Intellect]]
* [[Hikmah Islam]]

==Footnotes==

<references />

==References==

* K. S. Aghaie, ''The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi'i Symbols and Rituals in Modern Iran'', University of Washington Press, 2004.
* Mahmoud M. Ayoub, ''Redemptive Suffering in Islam: A Study of the Devotional Aspects of Ashura in Twelver Shi'ism'', De Gruyter, 1978.
* ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'', "Ali Khamenei", updated 13 June 2026.
* Wilferd Madelung, "Ḥosayn b. ʿAli i. Life and Significance in Shiʿism", ''Encyclopaedia Iranica'', 2004.
* Reuters, "Iran's Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei killed, senior Israeli official says", 28 February 2026.
* Al Jazeera, "US, Israel attack Iran updates: Khamenei, top security officials killed", 28 February 2026.
* Laura Veccia Vaglieri, "ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭāleb", ''Encyclopaedia Iranica''.
* A. J. Wensinck and Ph. Marçais, "'Āshūrā'", in ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', Second Edition, Brill, 2012.

[[Category:Hikmah Islam]]
[[Category:Ashura]]
[[Category:Shia days of remembrance]]
[[Category:Khomeinism]]
[[Category:Wilayah al-Faqih]]
[[Category:Islamic terminology]]














==Terminology==

===Ashura generally===

''Ashura'' derives from Arabic عاشوراء, ''ʿĀshūrāʾ''. In classical Islamic usage, the term refers to the tenth day of [[Muharram]], the first month of the Islamic calendar. The word is commonly connected with the Semitic root for "ten" or "tenth".<ref name="wensinck-marcais">A. J. Wensinck and Ph. Marçais, "'Āshūrā'", in ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', Second Edition, Brill, 2012.</ref>

In Hikmah Islam, the term is used in both a narrow and extended sense. In the narrow sense, Ashura refers to 10 Muharram and the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali. In the extended Hikmati sense, Ashura names a recurring civilisational pattern in which a figure of sacred-political authority is killed by a power interpreted as illegitimate, imperial, tyrannical, or anti-intellectual.

===Ashura al-Ula===

''Ashura al-Ula'' is formed from ''Ashura'' and ''al-Ula'' (Arabic: الأولى, ''al-Ūlā''), meaning "the first". The phrase therefore means "the First Ashura". In Hikmati usage, it refers to the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali at Karbala on 10 Muharram 61 AH / 680 CE.

The designation "first" does not imply that the event was the first historical tragedy in Islam. Rather, it identifies Karbala as the first and paradigmatic Ashura within the Hikmati symbolic structure. It is the original template through which later sacred-political martyrdoms may be read.

===Ashura al-Thaniya===

''Ashura al-Thaniya'' is formed from ''Ashura'' and ''al-Thaniya'' (Arabic: الثانية, ''al-Thāniya''), meaning "the second". The Arabic ordinal is feminine because ''ʿĀshūrāʾ'' is treated here as a feminine event-name. The expression therefore means "the Second Ashura".

In Hikmati usage, the name is extended analogically from the tenth of Muharram to the tenth of Ramadan. The first Ashura is the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali on 10 Muharram 61 AH, while Ashura al-Thaniya is the martyrdom of Ali Khamenei on 10 Ramadan 1447 AH.

==Calendar and dating==

===Ashura generally===

Ashura is defined by the Islamic lunar calendar rather than by the Gregorian calendar. Its Gregorian date therefore changes each year. In Hikmah Islam, the Islamic date is treated as primary because the observances belong to Islamic sacred time, communal memory, and the symbolic ordering of historical meaning.

The Hikmati use of Ashura as an umbrella term depends on the recurrence of the number ten in sacred time. Ashura al-Ula occurs on the tenth day of Muharram. Ashura al-Thaniya occurs on the tenth day of Ramadan. The shared date-form allows the second observance to be interpreted as an analogical recurrence of the first.

===Ashura al-Ula===

Ashura al-Ula occurs annually on 10 Muharram, the first month of the Islamic calendar. It commemorates the killing of Husayn ibn Ali at Karbala on 10 Muharram 61 AH / 680 CE after his refusal to pledge allegiance to the Umayyad caliph Yazid ibn Mu'awiya.<ref name="madelung-husayn">Wilferd Madelung, "Ḥosayn b. ʿAli i. Life and Significance in Shiʿism", ''Encyclopaedia Iranica'', XII/5, 2004, pp. 493–498, https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hosayn-b-ali-i.</ref>

For Hikmati Muslims, the date is not merely anniversary time. It is archetypal time: the recurring disclosure of the conflict between principled guidance and coercive rule.

===Ashura al-Thaniya===

Ashura al-Thaniya occurs annually on 10 Ramadan, the ninth month of the Islamic calendar. It commemorates the killing of Ali Khamenei, which took place in Iran on 10 Ramadan 1447 AH. In the Gregorian calendar, the date was 28 February 2026.

Ashura al-Thaniya is dated in Hikmati usage according to the Islamic calendar as observed in Iran, where the event took place. This calendar is treated as the relevant calendar for the observance because it is the calendar of the political-religious order headed by the [[faqih]], [[Philosopher King]], or imam-like figure whose martyrdom the day commemorates.

The original event occurred in Iran on 10 Ramadan 1447 AH. In the Gregorian calendar, this corresponded to 28 February 2026. Ramadan in Iran began on 19 February 2026, making 28 February the tenth day of the month.<ref name="timeanddate-iran-ramadan">Timeanddate.com, "Ramadan Start 2026 in Iran", https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/iran/ramadan-begins.</ref><ref name="habibur-ramadan">Habibur.com, "Islamic Hijri Calendar For Ramadan - 1447 Hijri", https://hijri.habibur.com/1447/9/.</ref>

Because the Islamic calendar is lunar, the Gregorian equivalent of 10 Ramadan changes each year. Ashura al-Thaniya is therefore defined by its Islamic date, 10 Ramadan, rather than by the fixed Gregorian date of 28 February.

====The Solar Hijri calendar====

Ashura al-Thaniya corresponds with 9 Esfand 1405 in the Solar Hijri calendar, which is the official calendar of Iran. Some Iranian Hikmati Muslims may therefore choose to commemorate Khamenei on this date instead.

====In the Gregorian calendar====

Ashura al-Thaniya is assigned to 10 Ramadan in the Islamic calendar as observed in Iran. Since the Islamic calendar is lunar, the corresponding Gregorian date changes each year. The original event occurred on 10 Ramadan 1447 AH, corresponding in Iran to 28 February 2026.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Observance
! Islamic date
! Gregorian date
! Notes
|-
| Ashura al-Ula
| 10 Muharram 61 AH
| 680 CE
| Martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali at Karbala
|-
| Ashura al-Thaniya
| 10 Ramadan 1447 AH
| 28 February 2026
| Original occurrence in Iran
|-
| Ashura al-Ula
| 10 Muharram
| Varies annually
| Annual Hikmati observance
|-
| Ashura al-Thaniya
| 10 Ramadan
| Varies annually
| Annual Hikmati observance
|}

==Historical background==

===Ashura generally===

In Hikmah Islam, Ashura is understood as a category of historical recurrence rather than a single isolated event. The term describes a pattern in which sacred-political authority confronts worldly domination and is materially defeated while remaining morally, intellectually, and spiritually victorious.

This interpretation is especially shaped by Shia memory of Karbala, Khomeinist political theology, anti-imperial readings of modern history, and the Hikmati doctrine that political order should be subordinated to intellect rather than appetite, wealth, force, popularity, or mere procedural power.

===Ashura al-Ula===

Ashura al-Ula commemorates the death of Husayn ibn Ali, grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the third Shia imam. Husayn was killed, together with most of his male relatives and his small retinue, at the Battle of Karbala on 10 Muharram 61 AH / 680 CE after refusing to pledge allegiance to Yazid ibn Mu'awiya.<ref name="madelung-husayn" />

Among Shia Muslims, mourning for Husayn is seen as an act of protest against oppression, a spiritual struggle for God, and a means of preserving the moral memory of the Prophet's family.<ref name="ayoub1978">Mahmoud M. Ayoub, ''Redemptive Suffering in Islam: A Study of the Devotional Aspects of Ashura in Twelver Shi'ism'', De Gruyter, 1978.</ref> Karbala has often been interpreted as symbolising the eternal struggle between justice and tyranny, truth and falsehood, and divine guidance and corrupt rule.<ref name="aghaie2004">K. S. Aghaie, ''The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi'i Symbols and Rituals in Modern Iran'', University of Washington Press, 2004.</ref>

Hikmah Islam adopts this symbolic structure but reads it through a broader theory of [[Sovereignty of Intellect]], [[Noocracy]], and sacred-political authority. Karbala is therefore treated not only as a historical tragedy but as an archetype of civilisational meaning.

===Ashura al-Thaniya===

Ali Khamenei served as president of Iran from 1981 to 1989 and as Iran's supreme leader, or ''rahbar'', from 1989 until 2026.<ref name="britannica-khamenei">''Encyclopaedia Britannica'', "Ali Khamenei", updated 13 June 2026, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ali-Khamenei.</ref> On 28 February 2026, Reuters reported that a senior Israeli official said Khamenei had been killed in coordinated Israeli and United States military strikes.<ref name="reuters-khamenei">Reuters, "Iran's Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei killed, senior Israeli official says", 28 February 2026, https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-supreme-leader-ali-khamenei-killed-senior-israeli-official-says-2026-02-28/.</ref> Al Jazeera reported that Iran declared 40 days of mourning following the killing of Khamenei and other senior officials.<ref name="aljazeera-khamenei">Al Jazeera, "US, Israel attack Iran updates: Khamenei, top security officials killed", 28 February 2026, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/2/28/live-israel-launches-attacks-on-iran-multiple-explosions-heard-in-tehran.</ref>

Within Hikmah Islam, this event is interpreted as the death of a modern embodiment of Plato's [[Philosopher King]], traditionalist Shi'ism's [[Imamah]], Khomeini's [[Wali al-Faqih]], and anti-imperial religious sovereignty.

==Ramadan and the memory of Ali==

===Ashura generally===

Although Ashura al-Ula and Ashura al-Thaniya occur in different Islamic months, both are interpreted in Hikmah Islam through the memory of the Prophet's family, sacred authority, and martyrdom. Muharram supplies the Karbala paradigm; Ramadan supplies the atmosphere of fasting, revelation, discipline, purification, and the memory of Ali ibn Abi Talib.

The inclusion of Ramadan in the Ashura structure is a distinctively Hikmati expansion. It allows the second observance to be read not only through Husayn, but also through Ali: the imam, jurist, ruler, and archetype of rational sacred authority.

===Ashura al-Ula===

Ashura al-Ula is not a Ramadan observance. Its primary association is with Muharram and Karbala. Nevertheless, its symbolic meaning in Hikmah Islam is connected to the wider Alid line: Muhammad, Ali, Fatimah, Hasan, Husayn, and the Imams as bearers of sacred-political memory.

In this reading, Husayn's stand at Karbala is not detached from Ali's authority. It is the continuation of the same conflict: the struggle between intellective legitimacy and domination by dynastic power, appetite, fear, and force.

===Ashura al-Thaniya===

The association of Ashura al-Thaniya with Ramadan connects it to the martyrdom of [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]], the first Shia imam and fourth Rashidun caliph. Ali was struck during prayer in Kufa in Ramadan 40 AH and died shortly afterwards. Encyclopaedia Iranica gives his death as 19 or 21 Ramadan 40 AH / January 661.<ref name="iranica-ali">Laura Veccia Vaglieri, "ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭāleb", ''Encyclopaedia Iranica'', https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ali-b-abi-taleb.</ref>

This Ramadan setting is important in Hikmati interpretation. Khamenei's death is read not only through Karbala, but also through the memory of Ali: a ruler, jurist, and imam-like figure killed in the sacred month of fasting, revelation, discipline, and inward purification. Contemporary commentary also noted that Khamenei's death during Ramadan evoked the assassination of Imam Ali in Shia political memory.<ref name="unherd-martyrdom">UnHerd, "The dangerous martyrdom of Khamenei", 4 March 2026, https://unherd.com/2026/03/dangerous-martyrdom-of-khameini/.</ref>

==Hikmati interpretation==

===Ashura generally===

In Hikmah Islam, Ashura is a day of commemoration, mourning, and spiritual-political reflection. Its central meaning is not passive grief but the refusal to let coercive power define truth, legitimacy, or historical meaning. Mourning is therefore treated as an act of political remembrance: a refusal to let imperial violence define the meaning of the dead.

The central Hikmati interpretation is that martyrdom reveals the permanent moral grammar of sacred politics: legitimate guidance may be defeated materially while remaining victorious intellectually, ethically, and spiritually. Ashura is therefore a category of noocratic memory.

===Ashura al-Ula===

Ashura al-Ula reveals, in Hikmati interpretation, the original moral grammar of Karbala. Husayn's martyrdom is understood as the refusal of sacred authority to recognise illegitimate rule. His worldly defeat is read as a deeper victory because it preserved the distinction between divine-intellectual legitimacy and coercive political success.

Among Shia Muslims, mourning for Husayn has historically carried theological, devotional, and political meaning.<ref name="ayoub1978" /> Hikmah Islam adopts this inheritance but interprets it through the sovereignty of intellect: Husayn's stand represents not merely lineage, emotion, or sectarian loyalty, but the refusal of intellective authority to submit to appetite-governed power.

===Ashura al-Thaniya===

Khamenei's martyrdom is interpreted within the same grammar, but in a modern geopolitical register. In this reading, Ashura al-Thaniya represents the confrontation between [[Noocracy]], [[Sovereignty of Intellect]], and anti-imperial religious governance on the one hand, and military-technological domination on the other.

Within Hikmah Islam, Ashura al-Thaniya is not treated as a mere political anniversary. It is treated as the modern reappearance of the Karbala structure in the age of airstrikes, intelligence warfare, state media, nuclear politics, sanctions, global information conflict, and American-Israeli imperial power.

==Relation between Ashura al-Ula and Ashura al-Thaniya==

===Ashura generally===

The observance of Ashura al-Thaniya reflects the Hikmati view that historical events are not isolated episodes but symbolic recurrences within a larger civilisational pattern. Ashura is therefore treated as an archetype, not merely as a past tragedy.

The analogy between the two observances rests on perceived correspondences rather than on historical identity. Hikmah Islam does not claim that Karbala and the killing of Khamenei are the same event, nor that their details are interchangeable. It claims that the same structural meaning recurs under different historical conditions.

===Ashura al-Ula===

Ashura al-Ula is the first and paradigmatic Ashura. Its core elements are Husayn, Karbala, 10 Muharram, the refusal of Yazid's authority, the killing of the Prophet's grandson, and the transformation of military defeat into sacred-political victory.

For Hikmati Muslims, Ashura al-Ula supplies the vocabulary through which later events can be evaluated: refusal, martyrdom, illegitimate sovereignty, sacred authority, mourning, memory, and the victory of meaning over force.

===Ashura al-Thaniya===

Ashura al-Thaniya derives its name and significance from Ashura. The first Ashura, in Hikmati usage, is the martyrdom of Husayn in Karbala. The second Ashura is the martyrdom of Khamenei in Tehran.

The analogy rests on several perceived correspondences:

* both events involve the killing of a figure understood by his followers as representing legitimate sacred-political authority;
* both are interpreted as confrontations between principled refusal and coercive power;
* both generate mourning as a form of protest;
* both are treated as events in which apparent worldly defeat discloses deeper moral victory;
* both become sites of collective memory, identity formation, and political theology.

==Political theology==

===Ashura generally===

In Hikmah Islam, Ashura belongs to political theology because it concerns the relationship between intellect, legitimacy, governance, coercion, and sacred authority. The day is not interpreted as merely private devotion or communal nostalgia. It is a public memory of the difference between rightful authority and successful domination.

This interpretation is shaped by the Hikmati doctrine that political power is legitimate only insofar as it is subordinated to intellect, wisdom, justice, and the maximal wellbeing of sentient beings. Ashura therefore functions as a warning against rule by appetite, wealth, spectacle, imperial force, nationalism, or majoritarian sentiment detached from truth.

===Ashura al-Ula===

Ashura al-Ula is interpreted as the founding political-theological trauma of Shia Islam. Husayn's refusal to submit to Yazid is treated as the refusal of sacred authority to legitimise corrupt rule. The tragedy of Karbala therefore becomes a permanent measure against which political authority is judged.

In Hikmati usage, Husayn's stand is also read trans-sectarianly. It is not only a Shia memory, nor merely an Islamic memory, but an archetype of principled resistance to illegitimate domination wherever it appears.

===Ashura al-Thaniya===

Within Hikmah Islam, Khamenei is interpreted as a major modern representative of [[Wilayah al-Faqih]], the doctrine of guardianship or rule by the qualified jurist. In the Hikmati framework, this doctrine is often read not merely as a constitutional arrangement within the Islamic Republic of Iran, but as a contemporary expression of the older philosophical problem of legitimate rule: whether political authority should be governed by appetite, wealth, popular sentiment, force, or intellect.

Ashura al-Thaniya therefore functions as a commemorative event within a broader noocratic theory. It marks, for Hikmati interpreters, the attempted destruction of a political form that claimed to subordinate state power to juristic-intellectual authority. Whether that claim was successfully realised in practice remains a matter of historical and political dispute, but the symbolic significance of the observance depends on the claim itself.

==Epistemological status==

===Ashura generally===

Hikmah Islam distinguishes between historical reconstruction, devotional memory, symbolic interpretation, and normative political theology. Ashura is therefore not treated as a single kind of claim. Its factual, symbolic, ritual, and philosophical layers are distinguished even when they are brought together in practice.

The historical facts of an event are assessed through ordinary historical-critical methods. The meaning of the event is interpreted through Hikmati principles: sovereignty of intellect, anti-imperial justice, noocracy, trans-sectarian religious reasoning, and the maximisation of wellbeing.

===Ashura al-Ula===

The basic occurrence of the Battle of Karbala and the death of Husayn are widely accepted in Islamic historiography, although the details of speeches, numbers, miraculous reports, and later devotional expansions vary across sources and traditions. Hikmah Islam therefore treats Karbala as historically real while also recognising that much of its received memory has been shaped by centuries of ritual, theology, poetry, politics, and communal grief.

The Hikmati reading does not require the uncritical acceptance of every later report. It requires the recognition of Karbala as a real historical nucleus that became a civilisational symbol of sacred authority confronting illegitimate power.

===Ashura al-Thaniya===

The factual basis for Ashura al-Thaniya is the killing of Ali Khamenei on 10 Ramadan 1447 AH / 28 February 2026, as reported in contemporary news sources.<ref name="reuters-khamenei" /><ref name="aljazeera-khamenei" /> The Hikmati designation of the event as "Ashura al-Thaniya" is an interpretive and commemorative act rather than a neutral journalistic description.

The historical claim is that Khamenei was killed. The Hikmati interpretation is that his killing belongs within the Karbala paradigm and should be remembered as a second Ashura. These two claims should be distinguished in encyclopedic writing.

==Observance==

===Ashura generally===

In Hikmah Islam, mourning for Husayn and Khamenei is not only grief but also protest against oppression.<ref name="ayoub1978" /> Mourning is treated as an act of political remembrance: a refusal to let imperial violence define the meaning of the dead.

Ashura observances may include elegiac language, recitation, study circles, charitable acts, political reflection, historical study, and renewed commitment to the sovereignty of intellect. The form of observance may vary by community, but its central purpose is remembrance, moral clarification, and spiritual-political discipline.

===Ashura al-Ula===

Ashura al-Ula observances may include:

* mourning gatherings or study circles;
* recitation of the Qur'an, supplications, or selected passages from [[Nahj al-Balagha]];
* readings on Husayn ibn Ali, Karbala, and the Prophet's family;
* lectures on sacred authority, martyrdom, tyranny, and moral refusal;
* charitable acts, food distribution, or service to the poor;
* reflection on the relationship between grief, justice, memory, and resistance.

In Hikmati practice, Ashura al-Ula may be observed with respect for inherited Shia forms while avoiding dogma, superstition, sectarian hatred, and ritual excess inconsistent with the sovereignty of intellect.

===Ashura al-Thaniya===

Ashura al-Thaniya observances may include:

* mourning gatherings or study circles;
* recitation of the Qur'an, supplications, or selected passages from [[Nahj al-Balagha]];
* readings from the speeches or writings of Ali Khamenei;
* lectures on Karbala, Wilayah al-Faqih, noocracy, and anti-imperial sovereignty;
* charitable acts or food distribution;
* reflection on the relationship between sacred authority, political power, martyrdom, and historical memory.

Because the observance falls in Ramadan, fasting is not a separate optional practice attached to the day in the way Sunni traditions associate voluntary fasting with Ashura. The fast of Ramadan already supplies the ritual frame. The distinctiveness of Ashura al-Thaniya lies instead in commemoration, mourning, and interpretation.

==Customs and spiritual discipline==

===Ashura generally===

Ashura customs in Hikmah Islam are shaped by the principle that ritual should intensify understanding rather than replace it. Mourning, recitation, fasting, lectures, and charity are treated as means of forming moral perception. The aim is not emotionalism for its own sake, but the cultivation of intellective loyalty to truth, justice, and rightful authority.

Accordingly, Hikmati Ashura observance may include both inherited Islamic practices and new pedagogical forms: public teaching, comparative historical analysis, media literacy, geopolitical education, readings in political philosophy, and reflection on the failures of modern power.

===Ashura al-Ula===

For Ashura al-Ula, the inherited Shia customs of mourning, lamentation, majlis, elegy, and remembrance of Karbala may be retained, but interpreted through the Hikmati emphasis on rational purification. The purpose is to understand why Husayn's refusal matters, not merely to repeat inherited forms.

The day may also include study of how Karbala has been used in Islamic history, Iranian political culture, anti-colonial movements, revolutionary thought, and Shia devotional life.

===Ashura al-Thaniya===

For Ashura al-Thaniya, the distinctive customs are likely to include Ramadan-based remembrance, study of Ali Khamenei's speeches and writings, reflection on Khomeini's doctrine of Islamic government, and analysis of the 2026 America-Israel war on the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Because the day falls during Ramadan, it is linked with fasting, self-discipline, Qur'anic recitation, and purification of intention. Its commemorative meaning is therefore joined to the Ramadan discipline of appetite-governance.

==Relation to Wilayah al-Faqih==

===Ashura generally===

Ashura in Hikmah Islam is closely related to the question of legitimate authority. It asks who should govern: appetite, force, wealth, charisma, majoritarian opinion, inherited dynasty, technocratic management, or intellect. The Hikmati answer is that political authority should be governed by the highest available intellect ordered toward justice and the maximal wellbeing of sentient beings.

This makes Ashura a noocratic observance. It is not only about the death of revered figures. It is about the political question their deaths expose.

===Ashura al-Ula===

Ashura al-Ula concerns the authority of the Imam in the face of dynastic rule. Husayn's refusal to recognise Yazid is interpreted as the refusal of legitimate sacred authority to submit to a ruler lacking moral and spiritual legitimacy.

Within Hikmah Islam, this becomes an argument about the necessity of intellective authority. Karbala discloses what happens when political power becomes separated from wisdom.

===Ashura al-Thaniya===

Ashura al-Thaniya concerns the authority of the faqih in the face of modern imperial power. Khamenei is interpreted as a modern representative of Wilayah al-Faqih and, in Hikmati terms, as an imperfect but historically significant approximation of the philosopher-king principle.

The observance therefore functions as a commemoration of the attempted destruction of noocratic sovereignty. It is not dependent on the claim that the Islamic Republic perfectly realised Hikmati ideals. It depends on the claim that the office of the faqih represented a civilisational alternative to liberal-imperial, nationalist, capitalist, and secular-technocratic models of political order.

==Relation to anti-imperialism==

===Ashura generally===

Hikmah Islam interprets Ashura through an anti-imperial lens. The observance is concerned with the memory of sacred authority killed or suppressed by domination, whether dynastic, imperial, colonial, military, economic, informational, or technological.

This does not mean that every enemy of an empire is automatically righteous. Rather, it means that Ashura provides a framework for evaluating how power seeks to define legitimacy by victory, wealth, violence, or control over public consciousness.

===Ashura al-Ula===

Ashura al-Ula is interpreted as resistance to internal imperialisation within the early Muslim community: the transformation of prophetic guidance into dynastic coercion. Yazid represents, in this reading, the capture of the Islamic political form by appetite, hereditary power, spectacle, and force.

Husayn's refusal therefore becomes an anti-imperial act in the broad sense: a refusal to allow domination to occupy the place of guidance.

===Ashura al-Thaniya===

Ashura al-Thaniya is interpreted as resistance to external imperial domination in the modern world. The killing of Khamenei is read in Hikmati usage as part of the confrontation between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the America-Israel axis of military, intelligence, economic, and media power.

In this context, mourning becomes an act of alliance with anti-imperial religious sovereignty. It affirms that the meaning of the event is not determined by the military superiority of the attackers, but by the moral and civilisational structure disclosed by the killing.

==Comparative structure==

===Ashura generally===

The two Ashuras are juxtaposed in Hikmah Islam to make visible their shared structure and their historical differences. The comparison is analogical, not identical.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Theme
! Ashura al-Ula
! Ashura al-Thaniya
|-
| Date
| 10 Muharram
| 10 Ramadan
|-
| Central figure
| Husayn ibn Ali
| Ali Khamenei
|-
| Historical setting
| Karbala, 61 AH / 680 CE
| Iran, 10 Ramadan 1447 AH / 28 February 2026
|-
| Opposing power
| Umayyad dynastic authority
| United States-Israel military and intelligence power
|-
| Hikmati meaning
| Original martyrdom of sacred-political refusal
| Modern recurrence of the Karbala paradigm
|-
| Primary symbolic field
| Imamah, Karbala, prophetic family, tyranny
| Wilayah al-Faqih, noocracy, anti-imperial sovereignty
|-
| Form of victory
| Moral and spiritual victory despite worldly defeat
| Intellectual and civilisational victory despite military defeat
|}

===Ashura al-Ula===

Ashura al-Ula remains the paradigmatic case. It is the source from which the language of second Ashura derives. Without Karbala, Ashura al-Thaniya would not possess its symbolic grammar.

The first Ashura is therefore primary in form, origin, and sacred memory.

===Ashura al-Thaniya===

Ashura al-Thaniya is secondary in chronology but not merely derivative in meaning. It represents the application of the Ashura structure to the modern world: air power, surveillance, nuclear politics, sanctions, information warfare, and state-level anti-imperial struggle.

The second Ashura is therefore modern in context but ancient in symbolic form.

==Criticism and disputes==

===Ashura generally===

The Hikmati expansion of Ashura may be criticised from several perspectives. Traditional Muslims may object that Ashura should refer only to 10 Muharram. Secular historians may object to the theological interpretation of political deaths. Critics of the Islamic Republic may reject the description of Khamenei as a martyr or philosopher-king figure. Other Muslims may regard the analogy between Husayn and Khamenei as excessive or inappropriate.

Hikmah Islam answers that the term is being used within a defined Hikmati vocabulary. It does not claim that all Muslims, historians, or political observers must accept the analogy. It claims that within Hikmati political theology, both events belong to one structure of sacred-political memory.

===Ashura al-Ula===

Criticism concerning Ashura al-Ula usually concerns the historical development of mourning rituals, the reliability of later reports, sectarian uses of Karbala, or the political mobilisation of Husayn's memory.

Hikmah Islam accepts the need for historical criticism and rejects superstition, sectarian hatred, and irrational dogma. It nevertheless treats the historical death of Husayn and the moral meaning of Karbala as central to Islamic civilisational memory.

===Ashura al-Thaniya===

Criticism concerning Ashura al-Thaniya is likely to be more direct. Critics may reject Khamenei's political record, reject Wilayah al-Faqih, deny the legitimacy of the Islamic Republic, oppose Hikmati anti-imperialism, or view the analogy with Karbala as politically motivated.

Hikmah Islam distinguishes between complete endorsement of every historical policy and recognition of symbolic civilisational meaning. The observance does not require the claim that Khamenei was morally flawless, politically infallible, or identical to Husayn. It requires the claim that his killing, in the context of the 2026 America-Israel war on Iran, discloses a modern form of the Karbala paradigm.

==See also==

* [[Ashura al-Ula]]
* [[Ashura al-Thaniya]]
* [[Arba'in]]
* [[Husayn ibn Ali]]
* [[Ali Khamenei]]
* [[Ruhollah Khomeini]]
* [[Wilayah al-Faqih]]
* [[Khomeinism]]
* [[Red Shi'ism]]
* [[Noocracy]]
* [[Sovereignty of Intellect]]
* [[Hikmah Islam]]

==Footnotes==

<references />

==References==

* K. S. Aghaie, ''The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi'i Symbols and Rituals in Modern Iran'', University of Washington Press, 2004.
* Mahmoud M. Ayoub, ''Redemptive Suffering in Islam: A Study of the Devotional Aspects of Ashura in Twelver Shi'ism'', De Gruyter, 1978.
* ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'', "Ali Khamenei", updated 13 June 2026.
* Wilferd Madelung, "Ḥosayn b. ʿAli i. Life and Significance in Shiʿism", ''Encyclopaedia Iranica'', 2004.
* Reuters, "Iran's Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei killed, senior Israeli official says", 28 February 2026.
* Al Jazeera, "US, Israel attack Iran updates: Khamenei, top security officials killed", 28 February 2026.
* Laura Veccia Vaglieri, "ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭāleb", ''Encyclopaedia Iranica''.
* A. J. Wensinck and Ph. Marçais, "'Āshūrā'", in ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', Second Edition, Brill, 2012.

[[Category:Hikmah Islam]]
[[Category:Ashura]]
[[Category:Shia days of remembrance]]
[[Category:Khomeinism]]
[[Category:Wilayah al-Faqih]]
[[Category:Islamic terminology]]
[[Category:Political theology]]
[[Category:Noocracy]]
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